Chronic Pain in the Elderly with Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review

Although several studies have been conducted on this topic, the behaviors most often associated with pain in persons with dementia have not yet been unequivocally identified [33]. The observation should take place preferably while the patient is participating in an activity, since the pain may be minimal or absent at rest. Changes in vital parameters do not represent reliable pain indicators. Behavioral modifications can be described and quantified using validated scales appropriate to the patient’s setting and clinical condition