The multiplex network of human diseases

The multiplex disease network. a Tripartite network of symptoms (green nodes on the left), diseases (pink nodes in the middle) and genes (blue nodes on the right). Symptoms and genes that are shared between diseases are shown in darker text. b Phenotype- and genotype-based disease-disease networks where diseases are connected in the genotype layer (blue) if they share at least one gene and connected in the phenotype layer (green) if they share at least one symptom. The thickness of the edge is proportional to the number of common genes or symptoms. c The two networks are considered as layers of a multiplex system, where nodes are the diseases and colored links encode their interactions. Disease-disease interactions that are present in both layers are denoted “overlapping links.