Maternal betaine supplementation affects fetal growth and lipid metabolism of high-fat fed mice in a temporal-specific manner

Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed with the normal fat (NF) no betaine (BC) diet, NF betaine-supplemented (BS) diet, HF-BC diet, or HF-BS diet for 4 (cohort 1) or 6 (cohort 2) weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. Male mice follow the NF-BC diet until timed-mating. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on embryonic day (E) 11.5 and 15.5. Dissection was conducted on E12.5 (cohort 1) or E17.5 (cohort 2). n is the number of dams in each group from which data and samples were collecte