Effects of targeted memory reactivation during sleep at home depend on sleep disturbances and habituation

Overview of the procedure. a Participants slept at home listening to 60 of 120 Dutch words played over a mp3-player using in-ear headphones. The 60 words played during sleep (cued) wer identical in all three nights. No objective sleep paramteres were recorded (unsupervised targeted memory reactivation (TMR)). b Participants performed a Dutch-German word learning task in the evening on four consecutive days. On the first day (Day 1), participants first listened to all 120 Dutch-German word pairs. The Dutch word was presented aurally, and the German translation appeared on the screen (Round 1？+？Feedback (R1？+？F)). Then, all Dutch words were presented again, and participants typed in the German translation. No feedback was given (R2). On the evening of Day 2 and Day 3, all Dutch words were presented again, and participants typed in the German translation, followed by the correct feedback. (R1？+？F). After a short break, all Dutch words were presented again and participants typed in the correct answer, without feedback (R2？+？F). On Day 4, participants heard the Dutch words and typed their answer, without feedback (Day 4 R1). Dependent variables are the overall performance changes over the three nights (Δ overall, with performance on Day 1 set to 100%) and performances changes across single nights (Δ night 1, Δ night 2 and Δ night 3, respectively