Nano-sized carriers in gene therapy for renal fibrosis in vivo

Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway leading to end-stage renal failure regardless of underlying initial nephropathies. No specific therapy has been established for renal fibrosis. Gene therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Nano-sized carriers including viral vectors and non-viral vectors have been shown to enhance the delivery and treatment effects of gene therapy for renal fibrosis in vivo. This review focuses on the mechanisms of renal fibrosis and the in vivo technologies and methodologies of nano-sized carriers in gene therapy for renal fibrosis