Kaempferol targeting on the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-ribosomal S6 kinase 2 signaling axis prevents the development of rheumatoid arthritis

a bFGF contents in SF obtained from OA patients (n？=？31) and RA patients (n？=？79) were measured by sandwich ELISA using specific antibodies. Each dot represents the concentration of bFGF from each patient. The median values of bFGF in the RA SF and OA SF denotes the center of interquartile range. *p？<？0.01. b, c bFGF induces proliferation of human FLSs (b) and human MH7A (c) by G1/S cell-cycle transition in a dose-dependent manner compared with untreated controls. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. d, e Synovial tissues from OA patients (n？=？5) and RA patients (n？=？5) were analyzed to measure cell proliferation potential using Ki-67 (d) and the activation of RSK2 and FGFR3 using p-RSK2 (T577) and p-FGFR3 (Y724) antibodies (e). Scale bars, 50？μm. The photograph is a representative confocal image obtained from an immunohistofluorescence assay; the fluorescence intensities of Ki-67, p-RSK, and p-FGFR3 were normalized by DAPI intensity. The average fold change of the intensity presented in graphs was obtained from five synovial tissues from OA and RA patients. *p？<？0.05; **p？<？0.0