Sodium lactate improves renal microvascular thrombosis compared to sodium bicarbonate and 0.9% NaCl in a porcine model of endotoxic shock: an experimental randomized open label controlled study

Study design. During preparation period, all animals received 25 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl to prevent hypovolemia. Measurements were taken over a 5-h period: at baseline (T0) and at 60 (T60), 120 (T120), 210 (T210) and 300 (T300) minutes. All animals were administered 5 μg/kg/min Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The endotoxin was infused over a 30-min period intravenously. The SL group received 40.5 g lactate (3.61 kcal/g). NC and SB groups received an equivalent energy supply: 39 g glucose (3.75 kcal/g) as 780 mL 5% glucose solution from T30 to T300. To ensure the same fluid intake, the SL group received 780 mL sterile water for injection. If mean arterial pressure (MAP) felt below 65 mmHg, 2.5 mL/kg infusion of NaCl 0.9% was given as rescue therapy every 15 min. At the end of the study period, all animals were sacrificed with T61 administration. Immediately after euthanasia, renal biopsies were performe