ХАРАКТЕРИЗУЮЩАЯ АППЕЛЛЯТИВАЦИЯ ТОПОНИМА: СЕМАНТИЧЧЕСКИЕ МОДИФИКАЦИИ В РУССКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРЕ

In the present study we observe the processes of toponyms’ partial characterizing appellativation, which means contextual transference of a geographical name into an appellative, and presupposes that the toponym develops an emotional and evaluative meaning, and that it is used as a figurative means. We analyze, how toponyms of two different types form various appellative meanings. First type is global toponyms which circulate world-wide and have multinational popularity. Second type is chronofactic toponyms which have gained popularity after some local tragic events. The basis for the analysis is the materials of Russian media in the period of recent 10 years