Review: Non-invasive Continuous Blood Glucose Measurement Techniques - Review: Non-invasive Continuous Blood Glucose Measurement Techniques - Open Access Pub

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that results in human body due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both. In the management of diabetes, glucose monitoring technology has been used for the last three decades. The aim of this review article is to describe concise and organized information about different techniques of non-invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring. Many research groups have been working to develop wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, but at present, there are to our knowledge no commercially successful non-invasive glucose monitors on the market. To achieve an acceptable sensor system, a glucose sensor should have accuracy better than 15mg/dl (0.8 mmol/l). In future development, continuous glucose sensor systems may become predictable, selective, reliable and acceptable for patient use. DOI10.14302/issn.2374-9431.jbd-15-647 The main carrier of energy in human organism is glucose with recommended level between 88mg/dl (4.9mmol/l) – 125mg/dl (6.9mmol/l) 1,2. There is a direct connection between glucose and insulin in the human body. Insulin is secreted by pancreas, and is responsible for keeping the blood glucose at a healthy level. After meal intake, food is converted into glucose and then released into the bloodstream. Insulin helps to transport glucose from bloodstream into cells, and used as an energy source 2. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that results in human body due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance or both 3,4,5. There are commonly two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. In type 1, the body does not produce enough or no insulin, called insulin dependent type. In type 2, the ability of body to produce insulin does not completely disappear, but the human body becomes resistant towards insulin, called insulin-independent type 6,7. Any kind of diabetes can be harmful because in the long run excess of glucose (hyperglycemia) can cause multiple health problems such as heart strokes, birth defects, damaged nerve system, kidneys failure and blindness. Low level of glucose (hypoglycemia) can cause coma, confusion and even death. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) was a major clinical study conducted from 1983 to 1993 and funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The study showed that keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible slows the onset and progression of the eye, kidney, and nerve damage caused by diabetes. It demonstrated that any sustained lowering of blood glucose, also called blood sugar, helps, even if the person