Statement of Problem. The chemical or topographic modification of the dental implant surface can affect bone healing, promote accelerated osteogenesis, and increase bone-implant contact and bonding strength. Objective. In this work, the effects of dental implant surface treatment and fibronectin adsorption on the adhesion of osteoblasts were analyzed. Materials and Methods. Two titanium dental implants (Porous-acid etching and PorousNano-acid etching followed by fluoride ion modification) were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffraction before and after the incorporation of human plasma fibronectin (FN). The objective was to investigate the biofunctionalization of these surfaces and examine their effects on the interaction with osteoblastic cells. Results. The evaluation techniques used showed that the Porous and PorousNano implants have similar microstructural characteristics. Spectrophotometry demonstrated similar levels of fibronectin adsorption on both surfaces (80%). The association indexes of osteoblastic cells in FN-treated samples were significantly higher than those in samples without FN. The radioactivity values associated with the same samples, expressed as counts per minute (cpm), suggested that FN incorporation is an important determinant of the in vitro cytocompatibility of the surfaces. Conclusion. The preparation of bioactive titanium surfaces via fluoride and FN retention proved to be a useful treatment to optimize and to accelerate the osseointegration process for dental implants. 1. Introduction The phenomenon of endosseous implant osseointegration, conceptualized by Branemark as the “direct, structural and functional link between the living and orderly bone and the surface of an implant subjected to functional loads” [1], is fundamental to the success of dental implant applications. Commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) is the main material used for this purpose because it has good biocompatibility and adequate mechanical strength. Ti exposed to oxidizing agents spontaneously forms a 10-100？？ thick titanium oxide layer. This layer is stable in most media, especially under physiological conditions, and, surgically, it shows no change in thickness or corrosion. This ensures implant-bone tissue interaction and osseointegration [2]. The reactions of the tissue host with the biomaterial are determined by the surface properties of the biomaterial. The dental implant surface treatment should induce the differentiation of the desired cells [3]. Surface treatments of available
References
[1]
P.-I. Branemark, “Introduction to osseointegration,” in Tissue- Integrated Prostheses, Osseointegration in Clinical Dentistry, pp. 11–76, Quintessence, Chicago, Ill, USA, 5th edition, 1985.
[2]
C. N. Elias and L. Meirelles, “Improving osseointegration of dental implants,” Expert Review of Medical Devices, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 241–256, 2010.
[3]
L. M. Gil, T. C. Ladeira, G. C. Menezes, and F. C. Silva-Filho, “The cell-extracellular matrix-biomaterial interface and the biocompatibility of titanium implants,” Innovations Implant Journal, vol. 4, pp. 58–64, 2009.
[4]
L. Scheideler, F. Rupp, H. P. Wendel, S. Sathe, and J. Geis-Gerstorfer, “Photocoupling of fibronectin to titanium surfaces influences keratinocyte adhesion, pellicle formation and thrombogenicity,” Dental Materials, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 469–478, 2007.
[5]
S. A. Cho and K. T. Park, “The removal torque of titanium screw inserted in rabbit tibia treated by dual acid etching,” Biomaterials, vol. 24, no. 20, pp. 3611–3617, 2003.
[6]
A. Wennerberg, T. Albrektsson, and J. Lindhe, “Surface topography of titanium implants,” in Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, pp. 821–825, 4th edition, 2003.
[7]
J. E. Davies, “Understanding peri-implant endosseous healing,” Journal of Dental Education, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 932–949, 2003.
[8]
C. B. Johansson, A. Wennerberg, A. Holmen, and J. E. Ellingsen, “Enhanced fixation of bone to fluoride-modified implants,” in Proceedings of the 6th World Biomaterials Congress, Sydney, Australia, 2000.
[9]
J. E. Ellingsen and S. P. Lyngstadaas, “Increasing biocompatibility by chemical modification of titanium surfaces,” in Bio-Implant Interface: Improving Biomaterials and Tissue Reactions, pp. 323–340, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 1st edition, 2003.
[10]
G. D. Menezes, A Intera？？o de Osteoblastos Humanos com Filmes de Fibronectina Plasmática Humana Constituídos Sob Diferentes Condi？？es de pH [Disserta？？o (Mestrado)], Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBCCF, 2003.
[11]
J. M. Park, J. Y. Koak, J. H. Jang, C. H. Han, S. K. Kim, and S. J. Heo, “Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants coated with fibroblast growth factor-fibronectin (FGF-FN) fusion protein,” International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 859–866, 2006.
[12]
M. Antia, G. Baneyx, K. E. Kubow, and V. Vogel, “Fibronectin in aging extracellular matrix fibrils is progressively unfolded by cells and elicits an enhanced rigidity response,” Faraday Discussions, vol. 139, pp. 229–249, 2008.
[13]
S. Miyamoto, B. Z. Katz, R. M. Lafrenie, and K. M. Yamada, “Fibronectin and integrins in cell adhesion, signaling, and morphogenesis,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 857, pp. 119–129, 1998.
[14]
T. A. Petrie, J. E. Raynor, C. D. Reyes, K. L. Burns, D. M. Collard, and A. J. García, “The effect of integrin-specific bioactive coatings on tissue healing and implant osseointegration,” Biomaterials, vol. 29, no. 19, pp. 2849–2857, 2008.
[15]
A. R. Dos Santos, F. Costa E Silva, and G. A. De Soares, “The interaction between human osteoblastic cells and titanium anodized with sulphuric acid coated or not with human plasma fibronectin,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 396-398, pp. 389–392, 2009.
[16]
Y. Ku, C. P. Chung, and J. H. Jang, “The effect of the surface modification of titanium using a recombinant fragment of fibronectin and vitronectin on cell behavior,” Biomaterials, vol. 26, no. 25, pp. 5153–5157, 2005.
