Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies of the Adsorption of Thymol Blue onto Powdered Activated Carbons from Garcinia cola Nut Shells Impregnated with H3PO4 and KOH: Non-Linear Regression Analysis
In this
work, activated carbons (ACs) prepared by chemical activation of garcinia cola
nut shell impregnated with H3PO4 (CBH2/1) and KOH (CBK1/1) were used to study
the kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of the adsorption of thymol blue
from aqueous solution. The characterization of ACs showed the BET measurements
gave surface area and total pore volume respectively of 328.407 m2·g-1 and
0.1032 cm3·g-1 for CBH2/1 and 25.962 m2·g-1 and 0.03 cm3·g-1for CBK1/1;
elemental analysis showed a high percentage of carbon in both ACs. Influence of
parameters such as initial pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, initial
concentration, ionic strength and the effect of temperature on the removal of
thymol blue from aqueous solution were studied in batch mode. The studies
showed that equilibrium adsorption was attained after 60 minutes for the two
ACs, adsorption capacity increased with increasing concentration of thymol
blue, and maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at an acidic environment
with pH 2. Avrami’s non-linear kinetic expression was the best suited for
describing the adsorption kinetics of thymol blue onto ACs, while equilibrium
data showed that the three-parameter isotherms better described the adsorption
process since R2 > 0.96, and the error functions were lowest for all of
them. Maximum adsorption capacity values obtained using the three-parameter
Fritz-Schlunder equation were 32.147 mg·g-1 for CBH2/1 and 67.494 mg·g-1 for
CBK1/1. The values of the model parameters g and mFS respectively, obtained using
the Redlich-Peterson and Fritz-Schlunder III isotherms below 1, showed that the
adsorption of thymol blue by the ACs occurred on heterogeneous surfaces.
Thermodynamic analyses of the data of the adsorption of thymol
References
[1]
Ndifor-Angwafor, N.G., Kuete, T.I-H., Tchuifon, T.D.R., Ngakou, S.C., Bopda, A., Anagho, S.G. and Kamdem, T.A. (2017) Biosorption of Amaranth Red in Aqueous Solution onto Treated and Untreated Lignocellulosic Materials (Pineapple Peelings and Coconut Shells). Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8, 4199-4212. https://doi.org/10.26872/jmes.2017.8.12.441
[2]
Wu, Y., He, J. and Yang, L. (2010) Evaluating Adsorption and Biodegradation Mechanisms during the Removal of Microcystin-RR by Periphyton. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 6319-6324. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903761y
[3]
Rangabhashiyam, S., Anu, N., Giri, M.S.N. and Selvaraju, N. (2014) Relevance of Isotherm Models in Biosorption of Pollutants by Agricultural Byproducts. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2, 398-414.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.01.014
[4]
Gao, J.F., Zhang, Q., Su, K. and Wang, J.H. (2010) Competitive Biosorption of Yellow 2G and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2G onto Inactive Aerobic Granules: Simultaneous Determination of Two Dyes by First Order Derivative Spectrophotometry and Isotherm Studies. Bioresource Technology, 101, 5793-5801.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.091
[5]
Zaviska, F., Patrick, D., Guy, M. and Jean-François, B. (2009) Procédés d’oxydation avancée dans le traitement des eaux et des effluents industriels: Application à la dégradation des polluants. Journal of Water Science, 22, 535-564.
https://doi.org/10.7202/038330ar
[6]
Allen, S.J. and Koumanova, B. (2005) Decolourization of Water/Wastewater Using Adsorption. (Review). Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 40, 175-192.
[7]
Chakrabarti, T., Subrahmanyan, O.V.E. and Sundaresan, B.B. (1988) Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Industrial Wastes. Biological treatment System, 2, 172-234.
[8]
Grag, V.K., Kumar, R. and Gupta, R. (2004) Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption Using Agro-Industries Waste: A Case Study of Phosppis Cineraria. Dyes and Pigments, 62, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2003.10.016
[9]
Aseel, M.A., Abbas, N.A. and Ayad, F.A. (2017) Kinetics and Equilibrium Study for the Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Coconut Shell Activated Carbon. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S3381-S3393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.01.020
[10]
Gupta, V.K., Mettal, A., Krishan, L. and Mittal, J. (2006) Adsorption Treatment and Recovery of the Hazardous Dye Brilliant Blue FCF, over Bottom Ash and De-Oiled Soya. Journal of Colloidal and Interface Science, 293, 16-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.06.021
[11]
Raoufi, F., Monajjemi, M. and Aghaie, H. (2017) Adsorption of Thymol Blue and Erythrosine-B on MWCNTS Functionalized by N-(3-Nitrobenzylidene)-N’-Trime- thoxysilylpropyl-Ethane-1, 2-Diamine Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 33, 2542-2550.
https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330550
[12]
Blais, J., Dufresne, S. and Mercier, G. (1999) State of Technological Development on the Removal of Metals from Industrial Effluents. Review of Water Sciences, 12, 687-711. https://doi.org/10.7202/705373ar
[13]
Ndi, J.N. and Ketcha, J.M. (2013) The Adsorption Efficiency of Chemically Prepared Activated Carbon from Cola Nut Shells by ZnCl2 on Methylene Blue. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/469170
[14]
Tchuifon, T.D.R., Anagho, S.G., Nche, G.N. and Ketcha, J.M. (2015) Adsorption of Salicylic and Sulfosalicylic Acid onto Powdered Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice and Coffee Husks. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 5, 1641-1652.
[15]
Ngakou, S.C., Ngomo, M.H. and Anagho, S.G. (2018) Batch Equilibrium and Effects of Ionic Strength on Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Phenacetin from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Derived from a Mixture of Ayous Sawdust and Cucurbitacea Peelings. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 26, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2018/37300
[16]
Ajifack, D.L., Ghogomu, J.N., Ndi, J.N. and Ketcha, J.M. (2015) Dynamics and Equilibrium Studies of the Adsorption of Cu (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Hibiscus sabdariffa. L. Stalk Biomass. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 4, 655-664. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2014/12742
[17]
Idris-Hermann, K.T., Donald, R.T.T., Giscard, D. and Solomon G.A. (2018) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) Nut Shells by Chemical Activation Method Using H3PO4; KOH and ZnCl2. Chemical Science International Journal, 23, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.9734/CSJI/2018/43411
[18]
Cazetta, A.L., Vargas, A.M.M., Nogami, E.M., Kunita, M.H., Guilherme, M.R., Martins, A.C., Silva, T.L., Moraes, J.C.G. and Almeida, V.C. (2011) NaOH-Activated Carbon of High Surface Area Produced from Coconut Shell: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies from the Methylene Blue Adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 174, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.058
[19]
Ustinov, E.A. and Do, D.D. (2002) Adsorption in Slit-Like Pores of Activated Carbons: Improvement of the Horvath and Kawazoe Method. Langmuir, 18, 4637-4647.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la010535l
[20]
Anagho, S.G., Ketcha, J.M., Tchuifon, T.D.R. and Ndi, J.N. (2013) Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of the Adsorption of Mercury (II) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Kaolinite and Metakaolinite Clays from Southern Cameroon. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 3, 1-11.
[21]
Ho, Y.S. and McKay, G. (1999) Pseudo-Second Order Model for Sorption Process. Process Biochemistry, 34, 451-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
[22]
Weber, W.J. and Morris, J.C. (1963) Kinetics of Adsorption of Carbon from Solution. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineering, 89, 31-60.
[23]
Chien, S.H. and Clayton, W.R. (1980) Application of Elovich Equation to the Kinetics of Phosphate Release and Sorption in Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44, 265-268. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x
[24]
Dalal, R.C. (1974) Desorption of Soil Phosphate by Anion-Exchange Resin. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 5, 531-538.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627409366531
[25]
Avrami, M. (1940) Kinetics of Phase Change. II Transformation-Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei. Journal of Chemical Physics, 8, 212-224.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750631
[26]
Tobin, M.C. (1974) Theory of Phase Transition Kinetics with Growth Site Impingement. I. Homogeneous Nucleation. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, 12, 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.180120212
[27]
Langmuir, I. (1916) The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids. Part I. Solids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38, 2221-2295.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02268a002
[28]
Freundlich, H.M.F. (1906) Over the Adsorption in Solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 57, 385-471.
[29]
Tempkin, M.I. and Pyzhev, V. (1940) Kinetics of Ammonia Synthesis on Promoted Iron Catalyst. Acta Physicochimica URSS, 12, 327-356.
[30]
Dubinin, M.M. and Radushkevich, L.V. (1947) Equation of the Characteristic Curve of Activated Charcoal. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Physical Chemistry Section, 55, 331-333.
[31]
Elovich, S.Y. and Larinov, O.G. (1962) Theory of Adsorption from Solutions of Non-Electrolytes on Solid (I) Equation Adsorption from Solutions and the Analysis of Its Simplest Form, (II) Verification of the Equation of Adsorption Isotherm from Solutions. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. SSSR, Otdelenie Khimicheskikh Nauk, 2, 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00908017
[32]
Jovanovic, D.S. (1969) Physical Adsorption of Gases I: Isotherms for Monolayer and Multilayer Adsorption. Colloid and Polymer Science, 235, 1203-1214.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542530
[33]
Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A.N. and Wankasi, D. (2017) Modelling and Interpretation of Adsorption Isotherms. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3039817
[34]
Hamdaoui, O. and Naffrechoux, E. (2007) Modeling of Adsorption Isotherms of Phenol and Chlorophenols onto Granular Activated Carbon Part II. Models with More than Two Parameters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147, 401-411.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.023
[35]
Mahdi, H., Mohammad, R., Samarghandi and McKay, G. (2010) Equilibrium Two-Parameter Isotherms of Acid Dyes Sorption by Activated Carbons: Study of Residual Errors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 160, 408-416.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.016
[36]
Ozdemir, I.S., Sahin, M., Orhan, R. and Erdem, M. (2014) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Grape Stalk by Zinc Chloride Activation. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.04.002
[37]
Yorgun, S., Vural, N. and Demiral, H. (2009) Preparation of High-Surface Area Activated Carbons from Paulownia Wood by ZnCl2 Activation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 122, 189-194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.02.032
[38]
Chowdhury, S. and Saha, P. (2010) Sea Shell Powder as a New Adsorbent to Remove Basic Green 4 (Malachite Green) from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 164, 168-177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.050
[39]
Hameed, K.S., Muthirulan, P. and Meenakshi, S.M. (2017) Adsorption of Chromotrope Dye onto Activated Carbons Obtained from the Seeds of Various Plants: Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies. Arabian Journal Chemistry, 10, S2225-S2233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.058
[40]
Alberghina, G., Bianchini, R., Fichera, M. and Fisichella, S. (2000) Dimerization of Cibacron Blue F3GA and Other Dyes: Influence of Salts and Temperature. Dyes and Pigments, 46, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(00)00045-0
[41]
Calvete, T., Lima, E.C., Cardoso, N.F., Vaghetti, J.C., Dias, S.L. and Pavan, F.A. (2010) Application of Carbon Adsorbents Prepared from Brazilian-Pine Fruit Shell for the Removal of Reactive Orange 16 from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 1695-1706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.013
[42]
Zhou, Z., Lin, S., Yue, T. and Lee, T. (2014) Adsorption of Food Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles. Journal of Food Engineering, 126, 133-141.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.11.014
