遗传和环境对橘和枳物种形成的影响
The Role of Genetics and Environment in the Speciation of Citrus and Poncirus

DOI: 10.12677/BR.2020.92017, PP. 129-147

Keywords: 柑橘属，枳属，地理分布，形态特征，物种演化
Citrus, Poncirus, Distribution, Morphology, Evolution

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

生物分类的意义在于阐明不同物种之间的进化关系，遗传因素是物种形成的内因，环境因素是物种分化的外因。植物学二界分类系统表明橘和枳分属于柑橘属和枳属，这是植物分类学界普遍接受的观点。然而，“橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为枳”的古语容易让老百姓误认为二者是同一物种。本研究通过文献综述梳理了橘和枳的起源和演化脉络，分析了环境因素对橘与枳在淮河流域乃至全国地理分布特点的影响；通过实地考察和形态学比较，描述了橘与枳五个明显的形态学差异；利用ITS序列分析了橘与枳的亲缘关系。本研究表明：橘和枳起源于同一个物种，两者的差异是在物种分化后，由于对环境的适应性不同而形成的；二者均属于真正柑橘组植物，但分属于其中的柑橘属和枳属，是不同的物种。该结果为学界和老百姓对橘和枳的进一步认识提供参考，也为理解遗传和环境因素共同影响物种分化提供帮助。
Biosystematics aims at throwing light on the relationships between different species in evolution, which is based on genetic and environmental factors. Botanical binary classification system indi-cates that Citrus and Poncirus belong to Citrus and Poncirus respectively, which is widely accepted among phytotaxonomic researchers. However, the old saying that Citrus is called “Citrus” in the south and becomes Poncirus when grown in the north conveys the stereotype that Citrus and Pon-cirus are the same species. Here, we clarified the origin and evolution of Citrus and Poncirus, and elaborated the influence of environment on their distribution within the Huaihe River Basin and China. We also described five morphological differences between them and analyzed their rela-tionship based on ITS sequences. We concluded that Citrus and Poncirus originated from the same species and differentiated due to adaptability. Both of them belong to True Citrus, but are in dif-ferent genera. The results can help to understand the relationship between Citrus and Poncirus and the roles of genetics and environment in speciation.

References

[1]	陈涛译注. 晏子春秋[M]. 北京: 中华书局出版社, 2007: 299.
[2]	桂茜, 蒋昊, 阮颖. 7种芸香科植物的RAPD分析[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2016, 44(30): 101-103.
[3]	黄成就. 中国植物志(第四十三卷第二分册) [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1997: 113-209.
[4]	Pfeil, B.E. and Crisp, M.D. (2008) The Age and Biogeography of Citrus and the Orange Subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) in Australasia and New Caledonia. American Journal of Botany, 95, 1621-1631. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800214
[5]	杨晓明. 柑橘亚科植物系统发育基因组学及野生枸橼, 宜昌橙谱系地理学研究[D]: [博士学位论文]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2017.
[6]	Swingle, W.T. and Reece, P.C. (1967) The Bo-tany of Citrus and Its Wild Relatives. In: Reuther, W., Webber, H.J. and Batchelor, L.D., Eds., The Citrus Industry, University of California, Berkeley, 190-430.
[7]	Nicolosi, E., Deng, Z.N., Gentile, A., Malfa, L.S., Continella, G. and Tribulato, E. (2000) Citrus Phylogeny and Genetic Origin of Important Species as Investigated by Molecular Markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100, 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051419
[8]	Penjor, T., Ya-mamoto, M., Uehara, M., Ide, M., Matsumoto, N., Matsumoto, R. and Nagano, Y. (2013) Phylogenetic Relationships of Citrus and Its Relatives Based on matK Gene Sequences. PLoS ONE, 8, e62574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062574
[9]	Garcia-Lor, A., Curk, F., Snoussi-Trifa, H., Morillon, R., An-cillo, G., Luro, F., Navarro, L. and Ollitrault, P. (2013) A Nuclear Phylogenetic Analysis: SNPs, Indels and SSRs De-liver New Insights into the Relationships in the “True Citrus Fruit Trees” Group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the Origin of Cultivated Species. Annals of Botany, 111, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs227
[10]	Barkley, N.A., Roose, M.L., Krueger, R.R. and Federici, C.T. (2006) Assessing Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in a Citrus Germplasm Collection Utilizing Simple Sequence Repeat Markers (SSRs). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112, 1519-1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9
[11]	庞晓明, 胡春根, 邓秀新. 用SSR标记研究柑橘属及其近缘属植物的亲缘关系[J]. 遗传学报, 2003, 30(1): 81-87.
[12]	陈卫华, 董光明. 再话“南橘北枳” [J]. 生物学教学, 2011, 36(9): 64-65.
[13]	李小孟. 柑橘属植物进化与分类研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(4): 112-118.
[14]	史平, 张小峰, 王欣. 汉中气候变化及其对柑桔生育的影响[J]. 陕西农业科学, 2011, 57(2): 33-35.
[15]	吴建芳. 关于“南橘北枳”的错误认识[J]. 生物学通报, 2008, 43(6): 30.
[16]	罗坤, 龙桂友, 袁飞荣, 焦徕, 邓子牛. Ptcor8表达与枳生理落叶及温度的关系[J]. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 36(4): 418-421.
[17]	Tanaka, T. (1954) Species Problem in Citrus (Revisioaurantiacearum IX). Japanese Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 1-157.
[18]	Swingle, W.T. (1939) Clymenia and Burkillanthus, New Genus; Also Three New Species of Pleiosper-mium (Rutaceae-Aurantioideae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 20, 250-263.
[19]	周志钦. 真正柑桔果树群植物的分支学研究[J]. 武汉植物学研究, 1991, 9(2): 130-133.
[20]	Bayer, R.J., Mabberley, D.J., Morton, C., Miller, C.H., Sharma, I.K., Pfeil, B.E., Rich, S., Hitchcock, R. and Sykes, S. (2009) A Molecular Phylogeny of the Orange Subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) Using Nine cpDNA Sequences. American Journal of Botany, 96, 668-685. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800341
[21]	Araujo, E.F., Queiroz, L.P. and Machado, M.A. (2003) What Is Citrus? Taxonomic Implications from a Study of cp-DNA Evolution in the Tribe Citreae (Rutaceae Subfamily Aurantioideae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 3, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00058

Full-Text