Web 2.0 or social media as a digital instrument of the internet marketing
is increasingly significant in formatting an online image of the tourist
destination. The study collected photographic information of two destinations
in Indonesia (West Sumatera and Aceh) from the official Instagram account of
each of their local authorities to explore the online image of these
destinations. Visual content analysis was applied to examine the
image formation of this halal tourism within the collected photograph. The results indicate that various dimensions of an
image are composed of five dimensions: social opportunity and attraction,
natural and cultural amenities, accommodation and transportation,
infrastructure, food and friendly people, physical amenities, and recreation
activities. However, similarly natural and cultural amenities are the most
emphasized dimension.Conversely, the dimension of accommodation and transportation is
less stressed by these official webs. Meanwhile, categories of some image
dimensions were emphasized differently. The implication of halal destination
and study findings to the theoretical development of the image of halal tourism
and some recommendations for future study were
References
[1]
Gertner, R.K., Berger, K.A. and Gertner, D. (2007) Country-Dot-Com. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 21, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v21n02_08
[2]
Küster, I. (2006) Relational Content of Travel and Tourism Websites. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11, 119-133.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660600727467
[3]
Nusair, K.K., Hua, N. and Li, X. (2010) A Conceptual Framework of Relationship Commitment: E-Travel Agencies. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 1, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/17579881011065029
[4]
Wang, Y. and Fesenmaier, D.R. (2006) Identifying the Success Factors of Web-Based Marketing Strategy: An Investigation of Convention and Visitors Bureaus in The United States. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 239-249.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505279007
[5]
Mills, J.E., Lee, J.K. and Douglas, A.C. (2007) Exploring Perceptions of US State Tourism Organizations’ Web Advertising Effectiveness. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660701416820
[6]
Schmallegger, D. and Carson, D. (2008) Blogs in Tourism: Changing Approaches to Information Exchange. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14, 99-110.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087519
[7]
Xiang, Z. and Gretzel, U. (2010) Role of Social Media in Online Travel Information Search. Tourism Management, 31, 179-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016
[8]
Parra-López, E., Bulchand-Gidumal, J., Gutierezze-Tano, D. and Díaz-Armas, R. (2011) Intentions to Use Social Media in Organizing and Taking Vacation Trips. Computer in Human Behavior, 27, 640-654.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.022
[9]
Sparks, B.A. and Browning, V. (2011) The Impact of Online Reviews on Hotel Booking Intentions and Perception of Trust. Tourism Management, 32, 1310-1323.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.011
[10]
Nixon, L., Popova, A. and Onder, I. (2017) How Instagram Influences Visual Destination Image: A Case Study of Jordan and Costa Rica. ENTER2017 eTourism conference, Rome. Italy.
[11]
Bernkopf, D. and Nixon, L. (2019) The Impact of Visual Social Media on the Projected Image of a Destination: The Case of Mexico City on Instagram. In: Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer International Publishing, Nicosia, Cyprus, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_12
[12]
Fakeye, P.C. and Crompton, J.L. (1991) Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759103000202
[13]
Embacher, J. and Buttle, F. (1989) A Repertory Grid Analysis of Austria’s Image as a Summer Vacation Destination. Journal of Travel Research, 3, 3-23.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758902700302
[14]
Reynolds, W.H. (1965) The Role of the Consumer in Image Building. California Management Review, 7, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165634
[15]
Gartner, W.C. (1994) Image Formation Process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2, 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12
[16]
Maroofi, F. and Hassani, S.R. (2017) Relationship between Destination Image, Tourist Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty. In: Ray, N., Das, D.K. and Kumar, R., Ed., Tourism Marketing: A Strategic Approach, Apple Academic Press, Waretown, NJ, 25-56. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315365862-3
[17]
Machado, L. (2010) Does Destination Image Influence the Length of Stay in a Tourism Destination? Background Arguments. Tourism Economics, 16, 443-456.
https://doi.org/10.5367/000000010791305554
[18]
Dwivedi, M. (2009) Online Destination Image of India: A Consumer Based Perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21, 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110910935714
[19]
Li, X., Pan, B., Zhang, L. and Smith, W.W. (2009) The Effect of Online Information Search on Image Development: Insights From a Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Travel Research, 48, 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508328659
[20]
Kim, S.E., Lee, K.Y., Shin, S.I. and Yang, S.B. (2017) Effects of Tourism Information Quality in Social Media on Destination Image Formation: The Case of Sina Weibo. Information and Management, 54, 687-702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2017.02.009
[21]
Muhoho-Minni, P. and Lubbe, B.A. (2017) The Role of the Media in Constructing a Destination Image: The Kenya Experience. Communication, 43, 58-79.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2016.1226915
[22]
Nelson, V. (2005) Representation and Images of People, Place and Nature in Grenada’s Tourism. Geografiska Annaler, 87, 131-143.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2005.00187.x
[23]
Lian, T. and Yu, C. (2017) Representation of Online Image of Tourist Destination: A Content Analysis of Huangshan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22, 1063-1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1368678
[24]
Ahmed, M.J. and Akbaba, A. (2018) The Potential of Halal Tourism in Ethiopia: Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects. International Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 1, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.397499
[25]
MasterCard and Cresent Rating (2019) Global Muslim Travel Index.
[26]
The National Development Planning Board (2018) Masterplan Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia 2019-2024.
[27]
Mackay, K.J. and Couldwell, C.M. (2004) Using Visitor-Employed Photography to Investigate Destination Image. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 390-396.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263035
[28]
Taufiqqurrachman (2019) Human Value Manifest in Instagram: A Visual Content Analysis of DMO Photography. New Media and Mass Communication, 80, 63-76.
[29]
Jenkins, O. (2003) Photography and Travel Brochures: The Circle of Representation. An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 5, 305-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309715
[30]
Stepchenkova, S. and Zhan, F. (2013) Visual Destination Images of Peru: Comparative Content Analysis of DMO and User-Generated Photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006
[31]
Akyol, M. and Kilinc, O. (2014) Internet and Halal Tourism Marketing. Turkish Studies, 9, 171-186. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.7278
[32]
Suradin, M. (2018) Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia: An Analysis on Official Destination Websites. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 6, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.01
[33]
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J. (2006) City branding: An Effective Assertion of Identity or a Transitory Marketing Trick? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.5990056
[34]
Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G. and Garcia, H.C. (2002) Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 56-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00031-7
[35]
Echtner, C.M. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1991) The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 2, 2-12.
[36]
Crompton, J.L. (1979) An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image. Journal of Travel Research, 17, 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
[37]
Hunt, J.D. (1975) Image as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 13, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757501300301
[38]
Calantone, J.R., Benedetto, A., Hakam, A. and Bojanic, C.D (1989) Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 28, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758902800207
[39]
Baloglu, S. and McCleary, K.W. (1999) A Model of Destination Image Formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 868-897.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
[40]
Stepchenkova, S. and Morrison, A.M. (2008) Russia’s Destination Image among American Pleasure Travelers: Revisiting Echtner and Ritchie. Tourism Management, 29, 548-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.003
[41]
Martin, H.S and del Bosque, R. (2008) Exploring The Cognitive-Affective Nature of Destination Image and The Role of Psychological Factors in Its Formation. Tourism Management, 29, 263-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.012
[42]
Dann, G.M. (1996) Tourists’ Images of a Destination: An Alternative Analysis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 5, 41-55.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v05n01_04
[43]
Pike, S. and Ryan, C. (2004) Destination Positioning Analysis through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263029
[44]
Agapito, D., Oom do Valle, P. and da Costa Mendes, J. (2013) The Cognitive-Affective-Conative Model of Destination Image: A Confirmatory Analysis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 30, 471-481.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.803393
[45]
Esper, F.S. and Rateike, J.á. (2010) Tourism Destination Image and Motivations: The Spanish Perspective of Mexico. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 27, 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.481567
[46]
Beerli, A. and Martín, J.D. (2004) Factors Influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 657-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
[47]
Fodness, D. and Murray, B. (1998) A Typology of Tourist Information Search Strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 108-119.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700202
[48]
Gunn, C.A. (1972) Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions. Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757301100306
[49]
Selby, M. and Morgan, N.J. (1996) Reconstruing Place Image: A Case Study of Its Role in Destination Market Research. Tourism Management, 17, 287-294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00020-9
[50]
Gearing, C.E., Swart, W.W. and Var, T. (1974) Establishing a Measure of Touristic Attractiveness. Journal of Travel Research, 12, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757401200401
[51]
Pearce, P.L. (1982) Perceived Changes in Holiday Destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 145-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(82)90044-5
[52]
Dilley, R. (1986) Tourist Brochures and Tourist Images. The Canadian Geographer, 30, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1986.tb01026.x
[53]
Gartner, W.C. (1989) Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28, 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758902800205
[54]
Mercille, J. (2005) Media Effect on Image: The Case of Tibet. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, 1039-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.02.001
[55]
Young, A.F., Young, R. and Young, A.F. (2008) Measuring the Effects of Film and Television on Tourism to Screen Locations: A Theoretical and Empirical Perspective. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 24, 195-212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802092742
[56]
Hahm, J. and Wang, Y. (2011) Film-Induced Tourism as a Vehicle for Destination Marketing: Is It Worth the Efforts? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28, 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.546209
[57]
Wang, D., Chan, H.L. and Pan, S. (2014) The Impacts of Mass Media on Organic Destination Image: A Case Study of Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20, 860-874.
[58]
Aghaei, S., Nematbakhsh, M.A. and Farsani, H.K. (2012) Evolution of the WWW: From Web 1.0 to Web 4.0. International Journal of Web and Semantic Technology, 3, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwest.2012.3101
[59]
Akehurst, G. (2009) User Generated Content: The Use of Blogs For Tourism Organisations And Tourism Consumers. Service Business, 3, 51-61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
[60]
Yoo, K.H. and Gretzel, U. (2010) Antecedents and Impacts of Trust in Travel-Related Consumer-Generated Media. Information Technology and Tourism, 12, 139-152. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830510X12887971002701
[61]
Ayeh, J.K., Au, N. and Law, R. (2013) Predicting the Intention to Use Consumer-Generated Media for Travel Planning. Tourism Management, 35, 132-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.010
[62]
Chan, N.L. and Guillet, B.D. (2011) Investigation of Social Media Marketing: How Does the Hotel Industry in Hong Kong Perform in Marketing on Social Media Websites? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28, 345-368.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.571571
[63]
Pavlovic, D.K. and Belullo, A. (2007) Internet-An Agent of Tourism Destination Image Formation: Content and Correspondence Analysis of Istria Travel Related Websistes. International Conference on Global Challenges for Competitiveness: Business and Government Perspective: Proceeding, Pula-Croatia, 541-556
[64]
Battour, M. and Ismail, M.N. (2016) Halal Tourism: Concepts, Practises, Challenges and Future. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 150-154.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008
[65]
(2006) Dictionary of Leisure, Travel, and Tourism. A and C Black, London.
[66]
Decrop, A. (2007) The Influence of Message Format on the Effectiveness of Print Advertisements for Tourism Destinations. International Journal of Advertising: The Review of Marketing Communications, 26, 505-525.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2007.11073030
[67]
Schellhorn, M.S. and Perkins, H.C. (2004) The Stuff of Which Dreams Are Made: Representations of the South Sea in German-Language Tourist Brochures. Current Issues in Tourism, 7, 95-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500408667975
[68]
Neuendorf, K.A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[69]
Bell, P. (2001) Content Analysis of Visual Images. In: Van Leeuwen, T. and Jewitt, C., Eds., The Handbook of Visual Analysis, Sage, London, 10-34.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020062.n2
[70]
Ingold, T. (1994) Introduction to Culture. In: Ingold, Ed., Companion Encyclopedia of Antropology, Routledge, London, 329-349.
[71]
Wolburg, J.M. and Kim, H. (2000) Advertising and Culture: Variations on the Theme of Individualism in Korean and American Magazine Advertising. World Communication, 29, 63-71.
[72]
Zhang, J. and Shavitt, S. (2003) Cultural Values in Advertisements to the Chinese X-Generation-Promoting Modernity and Individualism. Journal of Advertising, 32, 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2003.10639047
[73]
Hsu, S.Y. and Barker, G.G. (2013) Individualism and Collectivism in Chinese and American Television Advertising. The International Communication Gazette, 75, 695-714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048513482543
[74]
Mok, C. and Defranco, A.L. (2008) Chinese Cultural Values: Their Implications for Travel and Tourism Marketing. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 8, 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v08n02_07
[75]
Torelli, C.J., Ozsomer, A., Carvalho, S.W., Keh, H.T. and Maehle, N. (2012) Brand Concepts as Representations of Human Values: Do Cultural Congruity and Compatibility Between Values Matter? Journal of Marketing, 76, 92-108.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.10.0400
[76]
Saji, B.S., Vij, M. and Kabiraj, S. (2015) Selection of Tourism Destination as a Representation of Human Values. Business Perspective and Research, 3, 95-108.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533715578554
[77]
Battour, M., Battor, M. and Bhatti, M.A. (2013) Islamic Attributes of Destination: Construct Development and Measurement Validation, and Their Impact on Tourist Satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16, 556-564.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1947
[78]
El-Gohary, H. (2016) Halal Tourism, Is It Really Halal? Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.013
[79]
Isa, S.M., Chin, P.N. and Mohammad, N.U. (2018) Muslim Tourist Perceived Value: A Study on Malaysia Halal Tourism. Journal of Islamic Marketing,, 9, 402-420.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2016-0083
[80]
Hanzaee, K.H. and Ramezani, M. (2011) Intention to Halal Products in the World Markets. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1, 1-7.
[81]
Puntoni, S., Schroeder, J.E. and Ritson, M. (2010) Meaning Matters: Polysemy in Advertising. Melbourne Business School, 1-40. http://works.bepress.com/ritson/5
[82]
Rodrigues, R.C. (2013) Photographic Image: Thematization of Its Discourses. Journal of Signal and Information Processing, 4, 414-422.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jsip.2013.44053
[83]
Rose, G. (2001) Visual Methodologies. An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. Sage Publications, London, England.
[84]
Haahti, A.J. (1986) Findland’s Competitive Position as a Destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 11-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(86)90055-1
[85]
Hu, Y. and Ritchie, J.R.B. (1993) Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32, 25-34.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303200204
[86]
Milman, A. and Pizam, A. (1995) The Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination: The Central Florida Case. Journal of Travel Research, 33, 21-27.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759503300304
[87]
Kim, H.-B. (1998) Perceived Attractiveness of Korean Destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 340-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00007-3
[88]
Nummedal, M. and Hall, C.M. (2006) Local Food in Tourism: An Investigation of the New Zealand South Island’s Bed and Breakfast Sector’s Use and Perception of Local Food. Tourism Review International, 9, 365-378.
https://doi.org/10.3727/154427206776330571
[89]
Du Rand, G.E., Heath, E. and Alberts, N. (2003) The Role Of Local And Regional Food In Destination Marketing. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 14, 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v14n03_06
[90]
Kim, Y.H., Yuan, J., Goh, B.K. and Antun, J.M. (2009) Web marketing in Food Tourism: A Content Analysis of Web Sites in West Texas. Journal of Culinary Science and Technology, 7, 52-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15428050902788352
