Effectively
managing floods in urban regions requires effectively designed and
well-maintained runoff collection system. The absence of such a system and
intense rainfall event will have the potential to disrupt the urban life and
cause significant economic loss to properties. Grated inlets, which are a key
component in urban drainage network, are used to capture the runoff. In this
work, a three dimensional CFD model was developed based on open-source CFD tool,
OpenFOAM®, to model flow over a grated inlet. An incompressible,
transient, multiphase flow, Volume of Fluid (VOF) simulation was performed to
predict the water flow rate through the grate inlet. The predicted flow rates
are compared with the HEC-22 monograph values. The close agreement between the
results shows the potential of using CFD modeling approach to test the
reliability of existing drainage inlets for different flow scenarios.
References
[1]
Brown, S.A., Schall, J.D., Morris, J.L., Doherty, C.L., Stein, S.M. and Warner, J.C. (2013) Urban Drainage Design Manual—Hydraulic Engineering Circular 22 (HEC-22). Third Edition, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC, National Highway Institute, Arlington.
[2]
Burgi, P.H. and Gober, D.E. (1978) Hydraulic and Safety Characteristics of Selected Grate Inlets. Transportation Research Record, Washington DC.
[3]
(2019) OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox User Guide. The Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston.
[4]
Guo, J.C.Y. and MacKenzie, K. (2012) Hydraulic Efficiency of Grate and Curb Opening Inlets under Clogging Effect. Technical Report, Colorado Department of Transportation, DTD Applied Research and Innovation Branch, 92 p.
[5]
Muhammad, M.A. (2018) Interception Capacity of Curb Opening Inlets. University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
[6]
Galambos, I. (2012) Improved Understanding of Performance of Local Controls Linking the above and below Ground Components of Urban Flood Flows. University of Exeter, Exeter.
[7]
Kemper, S. and Schlenkhoff, A. (2016) Capacity of Street Inlets with Partially Severed Grate Openings. 6th International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures, Lübeck. http://doi.org/10.15142/T3W01S
[8]
Fang, X., Jiang, S. and Alam, S.R. (2010) Numerical Simulation of Efficiency of Curb-Opening Inlets. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 136, 62-66.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000131
[9]
Bazin, P., Nakagawa, H., Kawaike, K., Paquier, A. and Mignot, E. (2014) Modeling Flow Exchanges between a Street and an Underground Drainage Pipe during Urban Floods. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 140, Article ID: 04014051.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000917
[10]
Djordjevic, S., Saul, A.J., Tabor, G.R., Blanksby, J., Galambos, I., Sabtu, N. and Sailor, G. (2013) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Interactions between above and below Ground Drainage Systems. Water Science and Technology, 67, 535-542. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.570
[11]
Martins, R., Leandro, J. and Carvalho, R.F. (2014) Characterization of the Hydraulic Performance of a Gully under Drainage Conditions. Water Science and Technology, 69, 2423-2430. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.168
[12]
Shepherd, W., Blanksby, J., Doncaster, S. and Poole, T. (2012) Assessment of Road Gullies. 10th International Conference on Hydroinformatics, Hamburg.
[13]
Despotovic, J., Plavsic, N., Stefanovic, N. and Pavlovic, D. (2005) Inefficiency of Storm Water Inlets as a Source of Urban Floods. Water Science and Technology, 51, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0041
[14]
Weller, H., Tabor, G., Jasak, H. and Fureby, C. (1988) Tensorial Approach to Computational Continuum Mechanics Using Object-Oriented Techniques. Computers in Physics, 12, 620-631. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.168744
[15]
Noh, W.F. and Woodward, P. (1976) SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation). In: van Dooren, A.I. and Zandbergen, P.J., Eds., Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, Berlin, Vol. 59, 330-340.
[16]
Hirt, C.W. and Nichols, B.D. (1981) Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39, 201-225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5
