季节对牛粪及牛粪有机肥中养分和重金属含量影响分析
Impacts of Season on Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contents in Cow Dung and Organic Fertilizer

有机肥的品质受到季节影响较大。为了解畜禽粪便及有机肥的基本理化性质、养分、重金属含量及活菌残留等有机肥指标的季节分布情况，对洋河流域的某典型养牛牧场、农场及葡萄园采集的不同季节的牛粪及牛粪有机肥中的氮(TN)、磷(P₂O₅)、钾(K₂O)等养分指标，锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)的含量等重金属成分，以及蛔虫卵死亡率、粪大肠菌群数量等活菌残留情况进行室内试验分析。结果表明：1) 牛粪在秋季的pH值最大，为7.06~7.37；牛粪含水率各季均大于80%，有机肥含水率均小于30%，且在春季含水率最高。2) 牛粪及有机肥中养分含量由多到少均为K₂O > TN > P₂O₅，总养分在秋季最高，有机肥的总养分在冬季、春季和夏季较低，不符合国家相关标准。3) 全部样本只有在秋季时Zn的含量在检测线以上，在四个季节内均未检测出Cu；牛粪中Ni的含量在夏季时最高；有机肥中Ni和Cr含量在秋季最高，As和Pb含量在四个季节均较小，所有样本的重金属含量均未超标。4) 所有样本的蛔虫卵死亡率均达到100%；两种有机肥中粪大肠菌群数量均小于70个/g，符合国家标准，泌乳牛粪在春季时的粪大肠菌群数量巨大，达到11,000个/g，需要处理才可以作为粪肥使用。综上所述，季节变化不仅影响牛粪中各成分的含量，还会影响有机肥的品质。本研究的结果可为不同季节有机肥生产工艺改进、作物种植的肥料选择提供参考。
The quality of organic fertilizer is greatly affected by seasons. In order to understand the distribu-tion of basic physical and chemical properties, nutrients, heavy metal content and bacterial resi-dues of livestock manure and organic manure in different seasons, the nutrient indices such as ni-trogen (TN), phosphorus (P₂O₅), potassium (K₂O), the heavy metal components such as zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), the mortality rate of Ascaris eggs and the number of fecal coliform bacteria in cow manure and organic manure collected in different seasons from a typical cattle ranch, farm and vineyard in Yang River Valley were studied. The re-sults showed that: 1) The pH value of cow manure was highest in autumn, which was ranged from 7.06 to 7.37. The moisture content of cow manure was more than 80% in all seasons. The moisture content of organic manure was less than 30% and was highest in spring. 2) The nutrient contents of cow manure and organic manure were in the order of K₂O > TN > P₂O₅. The total content of nutrient was highest in autumn. The total nutrient of organic manure was lower in winter, spring and sum-mer, which did not meet the relevant national standards. 3) The contents of Zn in all samples were above the detection limit only in autumn, and no Cu was detected in four seasons. The content of Ni in cow manure was highest in summer. The contents of Ni and Cr in organic manure were highest in autumn. The contents of As and Pb were low in all four seasons. The contents of heavy metals in all samples were not exceeded the standard. 4) The mortality rates of Ascaris eggs in all samples were 100%. The fecal coliforms in both organic manures were less than 70/g, which met the national standard. The fecal coliforms in cow manure in