伤害厌恶与主动性攻击关系的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Harm Aversion and Proactive Aggression

DOI: 10.12677/AP.2020.102022, PP. 172-178

Keywords: 主动性攻击，伤害厌恶，道德认知和情绪
Proactive Aggression, Harm Aversion, Moral Cognition and Emotion

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

个体在进行主动性攻击时受工具性诱因和道德去抑制驱动，通过掠夺、控制和欺负等手段伤害他人来获得自身利益，给个人和社会造成了重大损失，因此很有必要展开对其干预因素的研究。道德系统是影响主动性攻击的重要因素。伤害厌恶是由伤害行为及伤害结果引发的不安心理，包括推测他人心理状态的道德认知和以共情、不安为主的道德情绪。本研究通过攻击相关模型阐释了伤害厌恶和主动性攻击两者关系的理论依据，并得到一些相关研究支持，随后解释了两者因果关系研究难于开展的原因。未来的研究应该从主动性攻击的定义和特征出发，开发出纯粹测量主动性攻击的有效范式。
Driven by instrumental incentives and moral disinhibition, individuals who are doing proactive aggression activities gain their own interests by harming others by means of plunder, control and bullying, thus causing heavy losses to individuals and society. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out research on intervention factors. The moral system is an important factor that affects the proactive aggression, and the harm aversion refers to the upset caused by the harm action and the harm outcome, including the moral cognition of speculating others' mental state and the moral emotion dominated by the empathy and upset. In this study, the theoretical basis of the relationship between harm aversion and proactive aggression is explained through the aggression-related model, which can be supported by some relevant studies. Then, the reason why it is difficult to study the causal relationship between harm aversion and proactive aggression is explained. Future research should start from the definition and characteristics of proactive aggression and develop an effective paradigm for purely measuring proactive aggression.

References

[1]	杨继平, 王兴超, 高玲(2010). 道德推脱的概念、测量及相关变量. 心理科学进展, 18(4), 129-136.
[2]	Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human Aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
[3]	Arsenio, W. F., Gold, J., & Adams, E. (2004). Ado-lescents’ Emotion Expectancies Regarding Aggressive and Nonaggressive Events: Connections with Behavior Problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89, 338-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.08.001
[4]	Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (2004). Human Aggression. Springer Science & Business Media.
[5]	Buss, A. H. (1966). Instrumentality of Aggression, Feedback, and Frustration as Determinants of Physical Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022826
[6]	Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analysis of Differential Relations with Psychosocial Adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 466-480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071904
[7]	Cherek, D. R. (1981). Effects of Smoking Different Doses of Nico-tine on Human Aggressive Behavior. Psychopharmacology, 75, 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435849
[8]	Civai, C., Crescentini, C., Rustichini, A., & Rumiati, R. I. (2012). Equality versus Self-Interest in the Brain: Differential Roles of Anterior Insula and Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroimage, 62, 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.037
[9]	Crick, N. R. (1996). Social Information-Processing Mechan-isms in Reactive and Proactive Aggression. Child Development, 67, 993-1002. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131875
[10]	Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Hauser, M. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2010). Serotonin Selectively Influences Moral Judgment and Behavior through Effects on Harm Aversion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 17433-17438. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009396107
[11]	Crockett, M. J., Siegel, J. Z., Kurth-Nelson, Z., Dayan, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2017). Moral Transgressions Corrupt Neural Representations of Value. Nature Neuroscience, 20, 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4557
[12]	Cushman, F., Gray, K., Gaffey, A., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Simulating Mur-der: The Aversion to Harmful Action. Emotion, 12, 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025071
[13]	Dambacher, F., Schuhmann, T., Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Brugman, S., & Sack, A. T. (2015). Reducing Proactive Aggression through Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1303-1309. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv018
[14]	Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2018). Interpersonal Harm Aversion as a Ne-cessary Foundation for Morality: A Developmental Neuroscience Perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000530
[15]	Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). So-cial-Information-Processing Factors in Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children’s Peer Groups. Journal of Perso-nality & Social Psychology, 53, 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146
[16]	Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social Informa-tion-Processing Bases of Aggressive Behavior in Children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 8-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167290161002
[17]	Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality. In C. L. M. Keyes, & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived (pp. 275-289). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-012
[18]	Hartup, W. W. (1974). Aggression in Childhood: Developmental Perspec-tives. American Psychologist, 29, 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037622
[19]	Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: Precursors, Outcomes, Processes, Experiences, and Measurement. Journal of Personality, 78, 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x
[20]	Jerome, K., & Elizabeth, E. (2004). Psychiatry, Moral Worry, and the Moral Emotions. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10, 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00131746-200411000-00003
[21]	Jumarie, G. (2013). Social-Information-Processing Patterns Mediate the Impact of Preventive Intervention on Adolescent Antisocial Behavior. Psychological Science, 24, 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457394
[22]	Laible, D. J., Murphy, T. P., & Augustine, M. (2014). Adolescents’ Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors: Links with Social Information Processing, Negative Emotionality, Moral Affect, and Moral Cognition. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 175, 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2014.885878
[23]	Miller, R. M., Hannikainen, I. A., & Cushman, F. A. (2014). Bad Actions or Bad Outcomes? Differentiating Affective Contributions to the Moral Condemnation of Harm. Emotion, 14, 573-587. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035361
[24]	Patil, I. (2015). Trait Psychopathy and Utilitarian Moral Judgement: The Mediating Role of Action Aversion. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27, 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2015.1004334
[25]	Perachbarzilay, N., Tauber, A., Klein, E., Chistyakov, A., Ne'Eman, R., & Shamaytsoory, S. G. (2013). Asymmetry in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Aggressive Behavior: A Continuous Theta-Burst Magnetic Stimulation Study. Social Neuroscience, 8, 178-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2012.720602
[26]	Perera, P., Canic, E., & Ludvig, E. A. (2016). Cruel to Be Kind but Not Cruel for Cash: Harm Aversion in the Dictator Game. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 893-898. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0959-4
[27]	Reynolds, C. J., & Conway, P. (2018). Not Just Bad Actions: Affective Concern for Bad Outcomes Contributes to Moral Condemnation of Harm in Moral Dilemmas. Emotion, 18, 1009-1023. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000413
[28]	Smithmyer, C. M., Hubbard, J. A., & Simons, R. F. (2000). Proactive and Reactive Aggression in Delinquent Adolescents: Relations to Aggression Outcome Expectancies. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_9
[29]	Taylor, S. P. (1967). Aggressive Behavior and Physiological Arousal as a Function of Provocation and the Tendency to Inhibit Aggression. Journal of Personality, 35, 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x
[30]	Wrangham, R. W. (2018). Two Types of Aggression in Human Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713611115
[31]	Zhu, W., Wang, H., & Xia, L. (2019). An Experimental Task to Measure Proactive Aggression under Incentive Condition: A Reward-Interference Task. Personality and Individual Dif-ferences, 149, 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.001

Full-Text