Bluetooth technology emerged over twenty years ago and has continuously
improved throughout the years to meet diverse and complex applications. Initially
invented to replace the need for physical data cables, Bluetooth offers users a
quick and easy way to share data files over a wireless network. Traffic
engineers and transportation engineering researchers have utilized the potential
opportunities that exist with Bluetooth and have implemented this technology
into traffic monitoring techniques. To gain a better understanding of Bluetooth
sensors and how they work, a comprehensive literature search was conducted.
Twenty-five articles were studied regarding case studies of Bluetooth sensor
implementation for travel time measurement. Besides reviewing the literature
and previous case studies, three new case studies in the State of Delaware, USA,
were also conducted and carefully analyzed. The benefits and drawbacks
associated with Bluetooth technology for travel time measurements have been
identified in this paper. The overall conclusion of the authors is Bluetooth
alone and by itself is not a proper technology for travel time measurements.
More studies need to be conducted on the accuracy and overall application,
before one can confidently utilize the Bluetooth technology for travel time
measurements.
References
[1]
Wikipedia.org, Bluetooth Special Interest Group.
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[2]
Bourque, B. (2014) This Is How Bluetooth Works, and No, It’s Not by Magic.
https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/how-does-bluetooth-work/
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Bluetooth Insight (2008) Bluetooth Power Classes.
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Mohankumar, D. (2008) Bluetooth Technology.
https://www.engineersgarage.com/contributions/bluetooth-technology/
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Steinberg, J. (2015) Why Your Bluetooth Devices Aren’t as Secure as You Think.
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Walsh, S., Wan, J. and Sadlier, A. (2019) Technology Survey: Bluetooth Security.
http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2.05/group15/
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Burrell, L. (2014) Bluetooth What You Will Learn Nowhere Else—Is It Really Dangerous?
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Siemens (2014) Precise Measurement and Intelligent Processing of Travel Time Data.
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https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCFall.2012.6399146
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Young, S.Y. (2012) Bluetooth Traffic Detectors for Use as Permanently Installed Travel Time Instruments. The University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
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Haghani, A., Zhang, Y. and Hamedi, M. (2014) Impact of Data Source on Travel Time Reliability Assessment. The University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
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Malinovskiy, Y., Wu, Y., Lee, U. and Wang, Y. (2011) Error Modeling and Analysis for Travel Time Data Obtained from Bluetooth Mac Address Matching. The University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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Szuch, C. and McDaniel, Z. (2011) Measuring Goods Movement Travel Time and Reliability: Proposed Methodology. Transportation Association of Canada, Edmonton.
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Tahmasseby, S. (2012) Traffic Data: Bluetooth Sensors vs. Crowdsourcing—A Comparative Study to Calculate Travel Time Reliability in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, 3, 63-79.
https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2142/2015.02.001
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Lesani, A., Jackson, S. and Miranda-Moreno, L. (2014) Towards a WIFI-Bluetooth system for Traffic Monitoring in Different Transportation Facilities. McGill University, Montreal.
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Tsubot, T., Bhaskar, A., Chung, E. and Billot, R. (2011) Arterial Traffic Congestion Analysis Using Bluetooth Duration Data. Australasian Transport Research Forum 2011 Proceedings, Adelaide.
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Filgueriras, J., Rossetti, R., Kokkinogenis, Z., Ferreira, M., Olaverri-Monreal, C., Paiva, M., Tavares, J. and Gabriel, J. (2013) Sensing Bluetooth Mobility Data: Potentials and Applications. In: de Sousa, J. and Rossi, R., Eds., Computer-Based Modelling and Optimization in Transportation. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, Cham, 419-431.
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Namaki Araghi, B., Hammershoj Oleson, J., Krishnan, R. and Lahrmann, H. (2013) Reliability of Bluetooth Technology for Travel time Estimation. Journal Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations, 19, 240-255.
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