Purpose: To investigate macular morphology by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) in children with history of the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study we included 35 eyes of 18 patients, aged 4 to 8 years, with history of ROP. Twenty-one eyes had received treatment for type 1 pre-threshold ROP. The others showed spontaneous regression of the disease. A 7 × 7-mm retinal area was sampled using a 3-dimensional scanning protocol with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SOCT Copernicus REVO). The central foveal thickness, mean macular thickness, macular volume and foveal depression were measured. The macular anatomy and the foveal contour were examined. Results: The mean birth weight was 1338.29 ± 324.05 grams. Mean gestational age at birth was 29.37 ± 2.07 weeks. Twenty-one eyes were treated with laser or cryotherapy. All of them showed regression of the disease. The mean best corrected visual acuity was 20/28. The average central foveal thickness was 262.26 ± 37.39, with 68.57% of preterm > 240 μm and 22.86% > 220 μm. In all eyes, the foveal contour is abnormal. A foveal depression was absent in 25 eyes (71%). Conclusion: In the majority of children with a history of ROP, we found changes in macular morphology, including retention of inner retinal layers and absent foveal depression. In our study foveal hypoplasia was associated with good functional outcome.
References
[1]
Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group (2006) Visual Acuity at 10 Years in Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP) Study Eyes: Effect of Retinal Residua of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Archives of Ophthalmology, 124, 199-202. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.2.199
[2]
Huang, D., Swanson, E.A., Lin, C.P., et al. (1991) Optical Coherence Tomography. Science, 254, 1178-1781. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1957169
[3]
Springer, A.D. and Hendrickson, A.E. (2004) Development of the Primate Area of High Acuity. Use of Finite Element Analysis Models to Identify Mechanical Variables Affecting Pit Formation. Visual Neuroscience, 21, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523804041057
[4]
Ecsedy, M., Szamosi, A., Karko, C., et al. (2007) A Comparison of Macular Structure Imaged by Optical Coherence Tomography in Preterm and Full-Term Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48, 5207-5211. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1199
[5]
Mietz, H., Green, W.R., Wolff, S.M., et al. (1992) Foveal Hypoplasia in Complete Oculocutaneous Albinism: A Histopathologic Study. Retina, 12, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-199212030-00011
[6]
Holmstrom, G., Eriksson, U., Hellgren, K., et al. (2010) Optical Coherence Tomography Is Helpful in the Diagnosis of Foveal Hypoplasia. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88, 439-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01533.x
[7]
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (1985) Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 1. Archives of Ophthalmology, 103, 1796-1806. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1985.01050120030015
[8]
Wu, W.C., Lin, R.I., Shih, C.P., et al. (2012) Visual Acuity, Optical Components, and Macular Abnormalities in Patients with a History of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Ophthalmology, 119, 1907-1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.040
[9]
Hendrickson, A.E. and Yuodelis, C. (1984) The Morphological Development of the Human Fovea. Ophthalmology, 91, 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(84)34247-6
[10]
Yuodelis, C. and Hendrickson, A. (1986) A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Human Fovea during Development. Vision Research, 26, 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(86)90143-4
[11]
Marmor, M.F., Choi, S.S., Zawadzki, R.J., et al. (2008) Visual Insignificance of the Foveal Pit: Reassessment of Foveal Hypoplasia as Fovea Plana. Archives of Ophthalmology, 126, 907-913. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.7.907
[12]
Maldonado, R.S., O’Connell, R.V., Sarin, N., et al. (2011) Dynamics of Human Foveal Development after Premature Birth. Ophthalmology, 118, 2315-2325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.05.028
[13]
Villegas, V.M., Capo, H., Cavuoto, K.M., et al. (2014) Foveal Structure-Function Correlation in Children with History of Retinopathy of Prematurity. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 158, 508-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.05.017
[14]
McAllister, J.T., Dubis, A.M., Tait, D.M., et al. (2010) Arrested Development: High-Resolution Imaging of Foveal Morphology in Albinism. Vision Research, 50, 810-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.02.003
[15]
Thomas, M.G., Kumar, A., Mohammad, S., et al. (2011) Structural Grading of Foveal Hypoplasia Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography a Predictor of Visual Acuity? Ophthalmology, 118, 1653-1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.028
