This article talks about growing small businesses in a recession and examines management strategies that made the company
grow. Recessionary periods are accepted tough for small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) to survive and grow, yet some do. SME performance is discussed
associating with different factors including barriers, business characteristics,
owner-manager lifestyle and networks.
Prior studies have a significant contribution in exploring aggregate SME growth
phenomena, but there is a little understanding of how SMEs grow in the
recessionary periods. This study used a pluralist methodology with the
participant action research as a primary approach, case study as a design and mix-method strategy to collect and analyse data. The
research is dominant by qualitative research where such data were collected
from a series of informal interviews and observation.
Similarly, quantitative data such as business records and financial information
were gathered from primary and secondary sources. The case study firm
implemented two management strategies: learning in the organisation and restructuring the organisation to
achieve growth during the recession of 2008-2009. Even though the precise
impact of these strategies is challenging to establish, both learning and restructuring strategies were making the firm grow in the
References
[1]
Gyanwali, M. (2018) SME Growth in a Recession. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester.
[2]
Birch, D.G.W. (1979) The Job Generation Process. MIT Programme on Neighborhood and Regional Change for the Economic Development Administration, US Department of Commerce.
[3]
Storey, D.J. (1994) Understanding the Small Business Sector. Routledge, London.
[4]
Curran, J. and Blackburn, R.A. (2001) Researching the Small Enterprise. SAGE Publications Ltd., London. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209847
[5]
Dannreuther, C. and Perren, L. (2013) The Political Economy of the Small Firm. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203644829
[6]
Bolton, J.E. (1971) Report of the Committee of Enquiry on Small Firms. Bolton Report, HMSO, London.
[7]
Coad, A. (2009) The Growth of Firms: A Survey of Theories and Empirical Evidence. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham.
[8]
Storey, D.J. (2010) Understanding the Small Business Sector. Cengage Learning EMEA, Andover.
[9]
Companies House (2006) Companies Act 2006. Department of Business Innovation and Skills, Companies House, London.
[10]
US International Trade Commission (2010) Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Overview of Participation in US Exports. USITC Publication, USITC, Washington DC.
[11]
European Commission (2005) The New SME Definition: User Guide and Model Declaration. Enterprise and Industry, OOPEC, Luxembourg.
[12]
Rhodes, C. (2012) Small Business and the UK Economy. House of Commons, London.
[13]
Sharma, D., Garg, S.K. and Sharma, C. (2011) Strategies for SMEs after Global Recession. Global Business and Management Research, 3, 58-66.
[14]
Kitching, J., et al. (2011) Adapting to a Fragile Recovery: SME Responses to Recession and Post-Recession Performance. 34th Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) Annual Conference, Sustainable Futures: Enterprising Landscapes and Communities, Sheffield.
[15]
IMF (2009) Crisis and Recovery. In: World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC.
[16]
BBC (2009) Timeline: Credit Crunch to Downturn.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7521250.stm
[17]
Vaitilingam, R. (2013) Recession Britain: Findings from Economic and Social Research. ESRC, Swindon.
[18]
ONS (2013) Business Demography, 2012. Statistical Bulletin.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_340530.pdf
[19]
ONS (2011) Quarterly National Accounts: Time Series Dataset Q4 2011. Statistical Bulletin.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa2/quarterly-national-accounts/q4-2011/stb---quarterly-national-accounts-gdp-q4-2011.html
[20]
Howes, G. (2008) Economic Downturn Starts to Bite SMEs.
http://www.smeweb.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=678:economic-downturn-starts-to-bite-smes&catid=56:news
[21]
Cowling, M. and Liu, W. (2011) Business Growth, Access to Finance, and Performance Outcomes in the Recession. The Department of Business Innovation and Skills, Sheffield.
[22]
OECD (2009) The Impact of the Global Crisis on SME and Entrepreneurship Financing and Policy Responses. OECD, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development, Paris.
[23]
Price, L., Rae, D. and Cini, V. (2013) SME Perceptions of and Responses to the Recession. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20, 484-502.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2013-0057
[24]
Rae, D. (2011) How Do You Grow a Business in a Recession? Enterprising Matters eMagazine. http://www.isbe.org.uk/recession
[25]
Gulati, R., Nohria, N. and Wohlgezogen, F. (2010) Roaring out of Recession. Harvard Business Review, 88, 62-69.
[26]
Cowling, M., et al. (2015) What Really Happens to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in a Global Economic Recession? UK Evidence on Sales and Job Dynamics. International Small Business Journal, 33, 488-513.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242613512513
[27]
Ainsworth, M. (2011) KLM Taxis and Headlands Garage: Competitor Analysis, Customer Analysis, SWOT. Sustainable Business Growth.
[28]
Storey, D.J. (2011) Optimism and Chance: The Elephants in the Entrepreneurship Room. International Small Business Journal, 29, 303-321.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611403871
[29]
Jarvis, R., et al. (2000) The Use of Quantitative and Qualitative Criteria in the Measurement of Performance in Small Firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006834
[30]
Delmar, F. and Davidsson, P. (1998) A Taxonomy of High-Growth Firms. In: Reynolds, P.D. and Bygrave, W.D., Eds., Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, 399-413.
[31]
Weinzimmer, L.G., Nystrom, P.C. and Freeman, S.J. (1998) Measuring Organizational Growth: Issues, Consequences and Guidelines. Journal of Management, 24, 235-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400205
[32]
Cooney, T.M. and Malinen, P. (2004) Firm Growth as a Research Issue. In: Cooney, T.M. and Malinen, P., Eds., XVIII RENT Conference, Managing Complexity and Change in SMEs, European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB), Copenhagen, 4-17.
[33]
Gibb, A. (1993) Key Factors in the Design of Policy Support for SME Development Process: An Overview. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5, 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000001
[34]
Johannisson, B. (1993) Designing Supportive Contexts for Emerging Enterprises. In: Karlsson, C., Johannisson, B. and Storey, D., Eds., Small Business Dynamics: International, National and Regional Perspectives, Routledge, London, 117-144.
[35]
Stokes, D. and Wilson, N. (2006) Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship. 5th Edition, Thomson, London.
[36]
Bartlett, W. (1994) Employment in Small Firms: Are Co-Operative Different? Evidence from Southern Europe. In: Atkinson, J. and Storey, D.J., Eds., Employment, the Small Firm and the Labour Market, Routledge, London, 256-287.
[37]
Orser, B.J., Hogarth-Scott, S. and Wright, P. (1996) Enterprising Intention and Likelihood of Growth: A Predictive Model of Firm Performance. In: Enterprising Futures, Birmingham, 728-747.
[38]
Hoy, F., McDougall, P.P. and D’Souza, D.E. (1994) Strategies and Environments of High-Growth Firms. In: Sexton, D.L. and Kasarda, J.D., Eds., The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, PWS-Kent Publishing, Boston, 341-357.
[39]
Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T. (2013) Small Business Performance: Business, Strategy and Owner-Manager Characteristics. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20, 8-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001311298394
[40]
Mao, H. (2009) Review on Enterprise Growth Theories. International Journal of Business and Management, 4, 20-23. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n8p20
[41]
Penrose, E. (2009) The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[42]
Greiner, L.E. (1972) Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow. Harvard Business Review, 50, 37-46.
[43]
Churchill, N.C. and Lewis, V.L. (1983) The Five Stages of Small Business Growth. Harvard Business Review, 61, 30-50.
[44]
Gibb, A. and Scott, M. (1985) Strategic Awareness, Personal Commitment and the Process of Planning in the Small Business. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 597-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1985.tb00014.x
[45]
Levie, J. and Lichtenstein, B.B. (2010) A Terminal Assessment of Stages Theory: Introducing a Dynamic Stages Approach to Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34, 317-350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00377.x
[46]
Merson, R. (2016) Growing a Business: Strategies for Leaders & Entrepreneurs. Profile Books, London.
[47]
Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Free Press, New York.
[48]
Smallbone, D., North, D. and Kalantardis, C. (1997) The Survival and Growth of Manufacturing SMEs in Remote Rural Areas in the 1990s. In: Ram, M., Deakins, D. and Smallbone, D., Eds., Small Firms: Enterprising Futures, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., London.
[49]
Churchill, N.C. and Lewis, V.L. (1984) Lessons for Small Business from the Recession. Journal of Small Business Management, 22, 5-17.
[50]
Nichter, S. and Goldmark, L. (2009) Small Firm Growth in Developing Countries. World Development, 37, 1453-1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.013
[51]
Zhou, H. and de Wit, G. (2009) Determinants and Dimensions of Firm Growth. SCALES EIM Research Reports (H200903). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1443897
[52]
Young, L. (2012) Make Business Your Business: Supporting the Start-Up and Development of Small Business. GOV UK, London.
[53]
Andersson, S. and Tell, J. (2009) The Relationship between the Manager and Growth in Small Firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16, 586-598. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000911000938
[54]
Hay, M. and Kamshad, K. (1994) Small Firm Growth: Intentions, Implementation and Impediments. Business Strategy Review, 5, 49-68.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8616.1994.tb00166.x
[55]
Blackburn, R.A., et al. (2009) Understanding the Challenges to Growth in Entrepreneurial Firms: Cases from the UK and USA. XIII RENT Conference, Budapest, 19-20 November 2009, 1-24.
[56]
Delmar, F. and Wiklund, J. (2008) The Effect of Small Business Managers’ Growth Motivation on Firm Growth: A Longitudinal Study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32, 437-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00235.x
[57]
Davidsson, P. (1991) Continued Entrepreneurship: Ability, Need and Opportunity as Determinants of Small Firm Growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 6, 405-429.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90028-C
[58]
Obeng, B.A., Robson, P.J.A. and Haugh, H. (2014) Strategic Entrepreneurship and Small Firm Growth in Ghana. International Small Business Journal, 32, 501-524.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242612463946
[59]
Barkham, R., et al. (1996) The Determinants of Small Firm Growth: An International Study in the UK 1986-90. Routledge, London.
[60]
Cliff, J.E. (1998) Does One Size Fit All? Exploring the Relationship between Attitude towards Growth, Gender and Business Size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 523-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00071-2
[61]
Singh, S.P., Reynolds, R.G. and Muhammad, S. (2001) A Gender-Based Performance Analysis of Micro and Small Enterprises in Java, Indonesia. Journal of Small Business Management, 39, 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00016
[62]
Cooney, T.M. (2012) Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth-Oriented Businesses. Skills Development for SMEs and Entrepreneurship, Copenhagen, 28 November 2012.
[63]
Macpherson, A. (2005) Learning How to Grow: Resolving the Crisis Knowing. Technovation, 25, 1129-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.04.002
[64]
Delmar, F. (1996) Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Business Performance. Stockholm School of Economics, EFI, The Economic Research Institute, Stockholm.
[65]
Majumdar, S. (2008) Modelling Growth Strategy in Small Entrepreneurial Business Organisations. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17, 157-168.
https://doi.org/10.1177/097135570801700204
[66]
Curran, J. and Blackburn, R.A. (1994) Small Firm and Local Networks: The Death of the Local Economy? SAGE Publications Ltd., London.
[67]
Vargas, I.M.R. (2014) Determinant Factors for Small Business to Achieve Innovation, High Performance and Competitiveness: Organizational Learning and Leadership Style. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 169, 43-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.284
[68]
Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (1991) The Full Range Leadership Development Programs: Basic and Advanced Manuals. Bass, Avolio Associates, New York.
[69]
Baumol, W.J. (1959) Business Behavior, Value and Growth. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
[70]
Trau, F. (1996) Why Do Firms Grow? ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
[71]
Gilbert, B.A., McDougall, P. and Audretsch, D.B. (2006) New Venture Growth: A Review and Extension. Journal of Management, 32, 926-950.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306293860
[72]
Slatter, S. (1992) Gambling on Growth: How to Manage the Small High-Tech Firm. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
[73]
Reid, S. and Garnsey, E. (1996) High Technology—High Risk? The Myth of the Fragile Firm. Research Papers in Management Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
[74]
Hamilton, R.T. (2012) How Firms Grow and the Influence of Size and Age. International Small Business Journal, 30, 611-621.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610383446
[75]
McPherson, M.A. (1996) Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Southern Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 48, 253-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00027-5
[76]
Smallbone, D., North, D. and Kalantardis, C. (1999) Adapting to Peripherality: A Study of Small Rural Manufacturing Firms in Northern England. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11, 109-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/089856299283227
[77]
Teruel-Carrizosa, M. (2010) Why Do SMEs Grow? A Rejection of Gibrat’s Law for Spanish Firms (1994-2002). In: Lenihan, H., Andreosso-O’Callaghan, B. and Hart, M., Eds., SMEs in a Globalised World: Survival and Growth Strategies on Europe’s Geographical Periphery, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham, 19-46.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805353.00011
[78]
Zhao, X.-Y., Frese, M. and Giardini, A. (2010) Business Owners’ Network Size and Business Growth in China: The Role of Comprehensive Social Competency. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22, 675-705.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903171376
[79]
Brink, T. (2011) What Connections in Networks of Private Entrepreneurs Are Related to Growth? Ager. Revista de Estudios Sobre Despoblacion Y Desarrollo Rural, Octobre-Sin Mes, 57-81.
[80]
Barber, J., Metcalfe, J.S. and Porteous, M. (1989) Barriers to Growth in Small Firms. Routledge, London.
[81]
Goldberg, M. and Palladini, E. (2008) Chile: A Strategy to Promote Innovative Small and Medium Enterprises. The World Bank.
[82]
Bachmann, R., Elstner, S. and Sims, E.R. (2010) Uncertainty and Economic Activity: Evidence from Business Survey Data. NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16143
[83]
Blackburn, R. (2002) Small Business in the UK: From Hard Times to Great Expectations. The 22nd Japanese Annual Small Business Society (JASBS), Kawasaki, October 2002.
[84]
Murphy, M. (1996) Small Business Management. Pitman Publishing, London.
[85]
Jamehshooran, B.G., et al. (2011) The Past, Present and Future of Online Marketing. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3, 585-606.
[86]
Robson, P.J.A. and Bennett, R.J. (2000) SME Growth: The Relationship with Business Advice and External Collaboration. Small Business Economics, 15, 193-208.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008129012953
[87]
North, J., Blackburn, R. and James, C. (1997) Reaching Small Business? Delivering Advice and Support to Small Business through Trade Bodies, In: Ram, M., Deakins, D. and Smallbone, D., Eds., Small Firms: Enterprising Futures, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., London, 121-135.
[88]
Quinn, J.M. (2001) Developing Growth Strategies for the Small-Business Owner. Journal of Financial Planning, 14, 62-70.
[89]
Department of Employment (1991) Keys to Growth for Owner-Managers Seeking to Expand. Price Waterhouse and Department of Employment, London.
[90]
Perren, L. (1999) Factors in the Growth of Micro-Enterprises (Part 1): Developing a Framework. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 6, 366-385.
https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006691
[91]
Denckels, R. and J. Lambrecht (1995) Networks and Small Business Growth: An Explanatory Model. Small Business Economics, 7, 273-289.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01108617
[92]
Pearce II, J.A. and S.C. Michael (2006) Strategies to Prevent Economic Recessions from Causing Business Failure. Business Horizons, 49, 201-209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2005.08.008
[93]
Burr, V. (2015) Social Constructionism. 3rd Edition, Routledge, London.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715421
[94]
Lewin, K. (1946) Action Research and Minority Problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x
[95]
Creswell, J.W. (2014) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications Ltd., London.
Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2019) Research Methods for Business Students. 8th Edition, Pearson, London.
[98]
Chein, I., Cook, S.W. and Harding, J. (1948) The Field of Action Research. American Psychologist, 3, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0053515
[99]
Susman, G.I. and Evered, R.D. (1978) An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 582-603.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2392581
[100]
Kemmis, S. and McTaggart, R. (2000) Participatory Action Research. In: Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S., Eds., Handbook of Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications Ltd., London.
[101]
Adams, W.C. (2015) Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews. In: Wholey, J.S., Harty, H.P. and Newcomer, K.E., Eds., Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19
[102]
Parker, S.C. (2014) Who Become Serial and Portfolio Entrepreneurs? Small Business Economics, 43, 887-898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9576-2
[103]
Carter, S. and Ram, M. (2003) Reassessing Portfolio Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 21, 371-380. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026115121083
[104]
Vaughan, L. (2015) History of Taxi Regulation. M. Gyanwali, Kettering Borough Council.
[105]
Ware, G. (2015) Business Information. M. Gyanwali, Companies House.