The main objective of this work is to develop a technological solution to support active aging of frail older individuals. In this perspective, we designed a connected insole in order to encourage frail elderly persons to become more active in their daily life. The project presented in this paper, funded by the French National Research Agency, aims to design and evaluate an original solution to follow and encourage walking activity. The evaluation is performed in two stages: adjusting tests in a living-lab with nine healthy elderly, then clinical evaluation of three frail patients followed over one month. We designed a noninvasive wireless insole, which automatically measures gait parameters and transmits information to a remote terminal via a secure Internet connection. The first laboratory tests of this technological solution showed good reliability measurements as well as good user acceptability. The average distance error obtained on volunteers is 3.2% and the accuracy of the average walking speed is 96.8% thanks to design of a calibration system based on a personalized stride length measurement. Finally, the introduction of an induction charging instead of a button cell makes the system perfectly autonomous. In this paper, we present the specifications of the solution, the design of the connected insole, the methods used to measure desired parameters, the results of the living-lab tests, and the work in progress.
References
[1]
Van Kan, G.A., Rolland, Y., Bergman, H., Morley, J.E., Kritchevsky, S.B. and Vellas, B. (2008) The I.A.N.A. Task Force on Frailty Assessment of Older People in Clinical Practice. The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 12, 29-37.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982161
[2]
Fried, L.P., Ferrucci, L., Darer, J., Williamson, J.D. and Anderson, G. (2004) Untangling the Concepts of Disability, Frailty, and Comorbidity: Implications for Improved Targeting and Care. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 59, 255-263.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/59.3.M255
[3]
Cesari, M., Kritchevsky, S.B., Penninx, B.W.H.J., Nicklas, B.J., Simonsick, E.M., Newman, A.B., Tylavsky, F.A., Brach, J.S., Satterfield, S., Bauer, D.C., Visser, M., Rubin, S.M., Harris, T.B. and Pahor, M. (2005) Prognostic Value of Usual Gait Speed in Well-Functioning Older People—Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1675-168.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53501.x
[4]
Montero-Odasso, M., Schapira, M., Soriano, E.R., Varela, M., Kaplan, R., Camera, L.A. and Mayorga, L.M. (2005) Gait Velocity as a Single Predictor of Adverse Events in Healthy Seniors Aged 75 Years and Older. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 60, 1304-1309. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.10.1304
[5]
Pahor, M., Blair, S.N., Espeland, M., Fielding, R., Gill, T.M., Guralnik, J.M., Hadley, E.C., King, A.C., Kritchevsky, S.B., Maraldi, C., Miller, M.E., Newman, A.B., Rejeski, W.J., Romashkan, S. and Studenski, S. (2006) Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention on Measures of Physical Performance: Results of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 61, 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.11.1157
[6]
Nelson, M.E., Layne, J.E., Bernstein, M.J., Nuernberger, A., Castaneda, C., Kaliton, D., Hausdorff, J., Judge, J.O., Buchner, D.M., Roubenoff, R. and Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2004) The Effects of Multidimensional Home-Based Exercise on Functional Performance in Elderly People. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 59, 154-160.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/59.2.M154
[7]
Daniels, R., van Rossum, E., de Witte, L., Kempen, G.I. and van den Heuvel, W. (2008) Interventions to Prevent Disability in Frail Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Systematic Review. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 278.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-278
[8]
Fontecha, J., Hervás, R., Bravo, J. and Navarro, F.J. (2013) A mobile and Ubiquitous Approach for Supporting Frailty Assessment in Elderly People. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e197. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2529
[9]
Makai, P., Perry, M., Robben, S.H., Schers, H.J., Heinen, M.M., Olde Rikkert, M.G., et al. (2014) Evaluation of an eHealth Intervention in Chronic Care for Frail Older People: Why Adherence Is the First Target. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e156. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3057
[10]
Yamada, M., Mori, S. and Nishiguchi, S. (2012) Pedometer-Based Behavioral Change Program Can Improve Dependency in Sedentary Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 66A, 1108-1113.
https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr101
[11]
Pajala, S., Era, P., Koskenvuo, M., Kaprio, J., Törm äkangas, T. and Rantanen, T. (2008) Force Platform Balance Measures as Predictors of Indoor and Outdoor Falls in Community-Dwelling Women Aged 63-76 Years. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 63, 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.2.171
[12]
Bravata, D.M., Smith-Spangler, C., Sundaram, V., Gienger, A.L., Lin, N., Lewis, R., Stave, C.D., Olkin, I. and Sirard, J.R. (2007) Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health: A Systematic Review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2296-2304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.19.2296
[13]
Mariani, B., Hoskovec, C., Rochat, S., Büla, C., Penders, J. and Aminian, K. (2010) 3D Gait Assessment in Young and Elderly Subjects Using Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors. Journal of Biomechanics, 43, 2999-3006.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.003
[14]
Martin Schepers, H., van Asseldonk, E.H.F., Baten, C.T.M. and Veltink, P.H. (2010) Ambulatory Estimation of Foot Placement during Walking Using Inertial Sensors. Journal of Biomechanics, 43, 3138-3143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.07.039
[15]
Tien, I., Glaser, S.D., Bajcsy, R., Goodin, D.S. and Aminoff, M.J. (2010) Results of Using a Wireless Inertial Measuring System to Quantify Gait Motions in Control Subjects. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 14, 904-915.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TITB.2009.2021650
[16]
Charlon, Y., Bettahar, F. and Campo, E. (2013) Design of a Smart Shoe Insole to Monitor Frail Older People. International Conference on Modern Well-Being for Societies and Territories, 1-6.
[17]
Charlon, Y., Campo, E., Brulin, D., Bettahar, F. and Piau, A. (2015) Smart Insole for Measuring Actimetry of Frail People. Med-e-Tel 2015, 1-7.
[18]
Charlon, Y. (2014) Conception de dispositifs électroniques portés pour le suivi de l’état de santé des personnes agées. 1-216.
[19]
Piau, A., Charlon, Y., Campo, E., Vellas, B. and Nourhashemi, F. (2015) A Smart Insole to Promote Healthy Aging for Frail Elderly Individuals: Specifications, Design, and Preliminary Results. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies, 2, e5. https://doi.org/10.2196/rehab.4084
[20]
Ladetto, Q. (2000) On Foot Navigation: Continuous Step Calibration Using Both Complementary Recursive Prediction and Adaptive Kalman Filtering. 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, UT, 19-22 September 2000, 1735-1740.
[21]
Shin, S.H., Park, C.G., Kim, J.W., Hong, H.S. and Lee, J.M. (2007) Adaptive Step Length Estimation Algorithm Using Low-Cost MEMS Inertial Sensors. 2007 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, San Diego, CA, 6-8 February 2007, 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2007.374406
