Background: To determine mortalitycauses and the associated factors.Patients and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to May 2015 (1 year) in the department of cardiology at University and teaching Hospital of Brazzaville. Patients admitted for cardiovascular diseases were included. Patients admitted for cardiovascular disease in other departments of the hospital, or without cardiovascular diseases were not included.Results: In total, 1035 patients, 605 women (5804%) were included. Mean age was 57.1 ± 7 years (range: 18-85 years). The patients were: elderly (n = 498, 48.1%), educated (n = 809, 78.1%), low-income (n = 253, 24.2%). The medical history of patients was: hypertension (n = 440, 42.5%), diabetes (n = 316, 30.5%), reduced physical activity (n = 154, 14.9%), excessive alcohol intake (n = 56, 5.4%). Heart failure was reported in 386 cases (37.3%). The mortality rate was 8% (n = 83); the mean age of deceased was 61.9 ± 7.3 years (p < 0.0001). The associated diseases in death were dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 37, 44.6%, OR 5, 95%CI 3.1-8, p < 0.0001), hypertensive heart disease (n = 30, 36.1%, OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.3
References
[1]
Keates, A.K., Mocumbi, A.O., Ntsekhe, M., Sliwa, K. and Stewart, S. (2017) Cardiovascular Disease in Africa: Epidemiological Profile and Challenges. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 14, 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.19
[2]
Roth, G.A., Huffman, M., Moran, A.E., et al. (2015) Global and Regional Patterns in Cardiovascular Mortality from 1999 to 2013. Circulation, 135, 1667-1678.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008720
[3]
Gombet, T.R., Ellenga Mbolla, B.F., Ikama, M.S., Ekoba, J. and Kimbally-Kaky, G. (2009) Cost of Emergency Cardiovascular Care at the University Hospital Center in Brazzaville, Congo. Medecine Tropicale, 69, 45-47.
[4]
Kingue, S., Ba, S.A., Balde, D., et al. (2016) The VALVAFRIC Study: A Registry of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Western and Central Africa. Archives of Cardiovascular Disease, 109, 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2015.12.004
[5]
Kimbally Kaky, G., Gombet, T., Voumbo, Y., et al. (2008) Rheumatic Heart Disease in Schoolchildren in Brazzaville. Medecine Tropicale, 68, 603-605.
[6]
Sliwa, K., Damasceno, A. and Mayosi, B.M. (2005) Epidemiology and Etiology of Cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation, 112, 3577-3583.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542894
[7]
Damasceno, A., Bongani, M., Sani, M., et al. (2012) The Causes, Treatment and Outcomes of Acute Heart Failure in 1006 Africans from 9 Countries. Results of the Sub-Saharan Africa Survey of Heart Failure. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 1386-1394. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3310
[8]
Ellenga Mbolla, B.F., Ossou Nguiet, P.M., Ikama, M.S., et al. (2019) Rates of Untreated, Treated, and Controlled Hypertension and Relationship between Blood Pressure with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo): May Measurement Month 2017, Sub-Saharan Africa. European Heart Journal Supplements, 21, D44-D46. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suz085
[9]
Piepoli, M.F., Hoes, A.W., Agewall, S., et al. (2016) 2016 European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Heart Journal, 37, 2315-2381. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
[10]
Sanyahumbi, A.S., Sable, C.A., Beaton, A., et al. (2016) School and Community Screening Shows Malawi, Africa, to Have a High Prevalence of Latent Rheumatic Heart Disease. Congenital Heart Disease, 11, 615-621.
https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12353
[11]
Ikama, M.S., Moualengue, B., Makani, J., et al. (2018) Epidemioclinical and Evolutionary Profile of Dilated Cardiomyopathy at the University Hospital of Brazzaville, Congo. Pan African Medical Journal, 31, 164.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.31.164.16477
[12]
Republic of the Congo (2017) Report on the Analysis of Poverty in Congo. Education, Employment and Social Protection for Sustainable Poverty Reduction. World Bank Group.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/359991503510903731/pdf/114706-FRENCH-v2-Republic-of-Congo-FRE-7-17-17-M3.pdf
[13]
Eyeni Sinomono, T., Missamou, A.F.S., Gassongo Koumou, G.C. and Loumingou, R. (2018) Initiation de la dialyse à Brazzaville. Nephrologie et Therapeutique, 14, 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2018.07.133
[14]
Makubi, A. and Roberts, D.J. (2017) Investigation and Treatment for Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure: The Unmet Need in Lower and Middle-Income Countries. British Journal of Haematology, 117, 896-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14650
[15]
Amendezo, E., Twagirimukiza, M., Sebatunzi, O. and Kagame, A. (2008) Inhospital Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in the Department of Internal Medicine at CHU Kigali (Rwanda). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1, 9-14.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.43071
[16]
Amoah, A.G.B. and Kallen, C. (2000) Aetiology of Heart Failure as Seen from a National Cadiac Referral Centre in Africa. Cardiology, 93, 11-18.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000006996
[17]
Callender, T., Woodward, M., Roth, G., et al. (2014) Heart Failure Care in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11, e1001699. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001699
[18]
Bloomfield, G.S., Barasa, F.A., Doll, J.A. and Velazquez, E.J. (2013) Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Cardiology Reviews, 9, 157-171.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X11309020008
[19]
Cappucio, F.P. and Miller, M.A. (2016) Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Risk and Interventions. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 11, 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-016-1423-9
[20]
Ossou-Nguiet, P.M., Otiobanda, G.F., Ellenga Mbolla, B.F., Ikama, M.S., Ondze Kafata, L.I. and Bandzouzi, B. (2013) First Thrombolysis in Acute Stroke with Tenecteplase in Congo. International Journal of Stroke, 8, E47.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12079
[21]
Ikama, M.S., Makani, J., Jouven, X. and Kimbally Kaky, G. (2015) Permanent Cardiac Pacing: First Congolese Experiment. Pan African Medical Journal, 20, 381.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.20.381.5803
[22]
Alon, D., Stein, G.Y., Korenfeld, R. and Fuchs, S. (2013) Predictors and Outcomes of Infection-Related Hospital Admissions of Heart Failure Patients. PLoS ONE, 8, e72476. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072476
