Many regions around the world are characterized by limited water resources, where the average annual per capita renewable water is about 1000 -1700 cubic meters. For instance, in china the problems of water supply are widely known globally. Though, China is facing main problem which is how to distribute water, instead of water shortage in itself. Therefore, restricted resources of water are increasingly stressed in the future by many factors such as excessive clouds of water, pollution and climate change. On the other hand, most studies have been indicated that the agricultural sector is one of the sectors that will face a large water deficit in the future due to the high demand for food, competition for water resources, drought and the high consumption of water due to the acquisition of traditional surface irrigation techniques. In spite of introduce modern irrigation methods such as drip irrigation in agriculture by developing irrigation methods and eliminating old traditional irrigation methods, however, its efficiency is related to the qualifying of farms and users of irrigation water, where they are the main users of irrigation water in water resources management. The considerable challenge facing agriculture is to raise irrigation efficiency depending on water-saving irrigation systems to provide water resources for crops. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide farmers with important points about using drip irrigation technology, to raise their technical level in using irrigation water, through their guidance to the best techniques and to avoid some common mistakes in design, utilization, management and maintenance of drip irrigation system.
References
[1]
Paul, J.C., Mishra, J.N., Pradhan, P.L. and Panigrahi, B. (2013) Effect of Drip and Surface Irrigation on Yield, Water-Use-Efficiency and Economics of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) Grown under Mulch and Non-Mulch Conditions in Eastern Coastal India. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2, 99-108. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n1p99
[2]
Feng, J., Li, Y., Wang, W. and Xue, S. (2018) Effect of Optimization Forms of Flow Path on Emitter Hydraulic and Anti-Clogging Performance in Drip Irrigation System. Irrigation Science, 36, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-017-0561-9
[3]
Valipour, M. (2017) Global Experience on Irrigation Management under Different Scenarios. Journal of Water and Land Development, 32, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0011
[4]
Pair, C.H., Hinz, W.W., Reid, C. and Frost, K.R. (1975) Sprinkler Irrigation.
[5]
Sammis, T.W. (1980) Comparison of Sprinkler, Trickle, Subsurface, and Furrow Irrigation Methods for Row Crops. Agronomy Journal, 72, 701-704. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1980.00021962007200050002x
[6]
Lamm, F.R. (2002) Advantages and Disadvantages of Subsurface Drip Irrigation. International Meeting on Advances in Drip/Micro Irrigation, Puerto de La Cruz.
[7]
http://www.fao.org/3/a-au674a.pdf
[8]
Abubaker, M.S., Farouk, S., Ahmad, F.S. and Tayseer, M. (2006) Comparison of Modern Irrigation Methods (Drip, Sprinkler) with Surface Irrigation Method (Furrow) for Maize Production. Damascus University Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 22, 427-450.
[9]
Tagar, A., Chandio, F.A., Mari, I.A. and Wagan, B. (2012) Comparative Study of Drip and Furrow Irrigation Methods at Farmer’s Field in Umarkot. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 69, 863-867.
[10]
Wittwer, S.H. (1993) World-Wide Use of Plastics in Horticultural Production. HortTechnology, 3, 6-19. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.3.1.6
[11]
Yaghi, T., Arslan, A. and Naoum, F. (2013) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Water Use Efficiency (WUE) under Plastic Mulch and Drip Irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 128, 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.002
Pei, Y., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Shi, Z. and Jiang, Y. (2014) Eight Emitters Clogging Characteristics and Its Suitability under On-Site Reclaimed Water Drip Irrigation. Irrigation Science, 32, 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-013-0420-2
[14]
Freels, L. (2013) Drip Irrigation System and Apparatus for Installation Thereof. U.S. Patent Application 13/226,240.
[15]
Liu, H., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Li, Y. and Huang, G. (2017) Evaluation on the Responses of Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency to Drip Irrigation Water under Mulch Condition in the Hetao Irrigation District of China. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.05.031
[16]
Arbat, G.P., Lamm, F.R. and Kheira, A.A. (2010) Subsurface Drip Irrigation Emitter Spacing Effects on Soil Water Redistribution, Corn Yield, and Water Productivity. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 26, 391-399. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.29959
[17]
Hanson, B.R., Fipps, G. and Martin, E.C. (2000) Drip Irrigation of Row Crops: What Is the State of the Art. 4th Decennial Symposium: National Irrigation Symposium, Phoenix, 391-400.
[18]
Goldberg, D., Gornat, B. and Rimon, D. (1976) Drip Irrigation: Principles, Design and Agricultural Practices.
[19]
Yan, X.L., Dai, T.F. and Jia, L.M. (2018) Evaluation of the Cumulative Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation on Productivity in a Poplar Plantation. Annals of Forest Science, 75, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0682-6
[20]
Abalos, D., Sanchez-Martin, L., Garcia-Torres, L., Van Groenigen, J.W. and Vallejo, A. (2014) Management of Irrigation Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilization to Mitigate GHG and NO Emissions from Drip-Fertigated Crops. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 880-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.065
[21]
Marr, C. and Rogers, D. (1993) Commercial Vegetable Production. Drip Irrigation for Vegetables. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service.
[22]
Nakayama, F.S. and Bucks, D.A. (2012) Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production: Design, Operation and Management (Vol. 9). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[23]
Oman, W.S. and Oman, W.S. (1977) Irrigation Purge Valve. U.S. Patent 4,022,244.
[24]
Benouniche, M., Zwarteveen, M. and Kuper, M. (2014) Bricolage as Innovation: Opening the Black Box of Drip Irrigation Systems. Irrigation and Drainage, 63, 651-658. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.1854
[25]
Yearbook, A.E. (1975) American Society of Agricultural Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan.
[26]
Molina-Martínez, J.M. and Ruiz-Canales, A. (2009) Pocket PC Software to Evaluate Drip Irrigation Lateral Diameters with On-Line Emitters. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 69, 112-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.06.006
[27]
Cohen, A. (2001) Drip Irrigation Emitters. U.S. Patent 6,250,571.
[28]
Kuper, M., Dionnet, M., Hammani, A., Bekkar, Y., Garin, P. and Bluemling, B. (2009) Supporting the Shift from State Water to Community Water: Lessons from a Social Learning Approach to Designing Joint Irrigation Projects in Morocco. Ecology and Society, 14, 19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02755-140119
[29]
Thompson, T.L., Pang, H.C. and Li, Y.Y. (2009) The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA. Agricultural Sciences in China, 8, 850-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60287-4
[30]
Levidow, L., Zaccaria, D., Maia, R., Vivas, E., Todorovic, M. and Scardigno, A. (2014) Improving Water-Efficient Irrigation: Prospects and Difficulties of Innovative Practices. Agricultural Water Management, 146, 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.07.012
[31]
Nouri, H., Beecham, S., Hassanli, A.M. and Kazemi, F. (2013) Water Requirements of Urban Landscape Plants: A Comparison of Three Factor-Based Approaches. Ecological Engineering, 57, 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.025
[32]
Jensen, M.E. (1968) Water Consumption by Agricultural Plants (Chapter 1).
[33]
Çetin, Ö. and Uygan, D. (2008) The Effect of Drip Line Spacing, Irrigation Regimes and Planting Geometries of Tomato on Yield, Irrigation Water Use Efficiency and Net Return. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 949-958.
[34]
Zhang, P., et al. (2017) Plastic-Film Mulching for Enhanced Water-Use Efficiency and Economic Returns from Maize Fields in Semiarid China. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00512
[35]
Steinmetz, Z., Wollmann, C., Schaefer, M., Buchmann, C., David, J., Tröger, J., Muñoz, K., Frör, O. and Schaumann, G.E. (2016) Plastic Mulching in Agriculture. Trading Short-Term Agronomic Benefits for Long-Term Soil Degradation? Science of the Total Environment, 550, 690-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153
[36]
Song, P., Li, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, C., Zhang, Z. and Li, J. (2017) Controlling Mechanism of Chlorination on Emitter Bio-Clogging for Drip Irrigation Using Reclaimed Water. Agricultural Water Management, 184, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.12.017
[37]
Narale, P.D., Rathore, N.S. and Kothari, S. (2013) Study of Solar PV Water Pumping System for Irrigation of Horticulture Crops. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 2, 54-60.
[38]
Nakayama, F.S., Boman, B.J. and Pitts, D.J. (2007) Maintenance. In: Developments in Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 389-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4137(07)80014-X
[39]
Bueno-Delgado, M.V., Molina-Martínez, J.M., Correoso-Campillo, R. and Pavón-Mariño, P. (2016) Ecofert: An Android Application for the Optimization of Fertilizer Cost in Fertigation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 121, 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.11.006
[40]
Du, Y.D., Cao, H.X., Liu, S.Q., Gu, X.B. and Cao, Y.X. (2017) Response of Yield, Quality, Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Tomato to Different Levels of Water and Nitrogen under Drip Irrigation in Northwestern China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16, 1153-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61371-0
[41]
Luo, H.H., Zhang, Y.L. and Zhang, W.F. (2016) Effects of Water Stress and Rewatering on Photosynthesis, Root Activity, and Yield of Cotton with Drip Irrigation under Mulch. Photosynthetica, 54, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-015-0165-7
[42]
Wu, J., Guo, W., Feng, J., Li, L., Yang, H., Wang, X. and Bian, X. (2014) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cotton Field under Different Irrigation Methods and Fertilization Regimes in Arid Northwestern China. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID: 407832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/407832