An
ecological zonation of phytoplankton was determined from its normalized
spectral absorption shape (aphn)
during the summers of 2001-02-03 off the west coast of Baja California. In the
first two seasons, the highest abundances of the main taxonomic groups of
phytoplankton were detected towards the coastal stations, but for 2003, diatoms
showed higher abundances towards the oceanic region. The ecological provinces
(Pv) were the footprint of the zonation in the structure of the phytoplankton
community; likewise, it was observed that the spectral shape was independent of
the chlorophyll-a (mg·m-3). The effect of coastal upwelling south of Vizcaíno
Bay favored the increase of phytoplankton cells. However, the composition of
the community decreased in cells abundance and diversity due to the influence
of the phenomenon called El Nino “débil” reported to the south of the
California Current for the years 2002-03.
References
[1]
Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P.M. (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1535.
[2]
Crisholm, S.W. (2014) Margalef’s Mandala, Prochlorococcus, and geoengineering. Contributions to Science Open Access, 10, 7-15.
[3]
Le Quéré, C., Harrison, S.P., Colin-Prentice, I., Buitenhuis, E.T., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Claustre, H., Cotrim Da Cunha, L., Geider, R., Giraud, X., Klaas, C., Kohfel, K.E., Legendre, L., Manizza, M., Platt, T., Rivkin, R.B., Sathyendranath, S., Uitz, J., Watson, A.J. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2005) Ecosystem Dynamics Based on Plankton Functional Types for Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models. Global Change Biology, 11, 2016-2040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.1004.x
[4]
Bracher, A., Bouman, H.A., Brewin, R.J.W., Bricaud, A., Brotas, V., Ciotti, A.M., Clementson, L., Devred, E., Di Cicco, A., Dutkiewicz, S., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hickman, A.E., Hieronymi, M., Hirata, T., Losa, S.N., Mouw, C.B., Organelli, E., Raitsos, D.E., Uitz, J., Vogt, M. and Wolanin, A. (2017) Obtaining Phytoplankton Diversity from Ocean Color: A Scientific Roadmap for Future Development. Frontiers Marine Science, 4, 55. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00055
[5]
Yuan, C. and Yamagata, T. (2014) California Nino/Nina. Science Report, 4, Article No. 4801. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04801
[6]
Espinosa-Carreón, L.T., Valdez-Holguín, J.E. (2007) Variabilidad interanual de clorofila en el Golfo de California. Ecologia Aplicada, 6, 81-92.
https://doi.org/10.21704/rea.v6i1-2.344
[7]
Dajoz, R. (2002) Tratado de Ecología. 2nd Edition, Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, 600.
[8]
Durazo, R. and Baumgartner, T. (2002) Evolution of Oceanographic Conditions off Baja California: 1997-1999. Progress in Oceanography, 54, 7-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00041-1
[9]
Millán-Núnez, E., Sieracki, M.E., Millán-Núnez, R., Lara-Lara, J.R., Gaxiola-Castro, G. and Trees, C.C. (2004). Specific Absorption Coefficient and Phytoplankton Biomass in the Southern Region of the California Current. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51, 817-826.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.05.023
[10]
Schwing, F.B., Bograd, S.J., Collins, C.A., Gaxiola-Castro, G., García, J., Goericke, R., Gómez-Valdés, J., Huyer, A., Hyrenbach, K.D., Kosro, P.M., Lavaniegos, B.E., Lynn, R.J., Mantyla, A.W., Ohman, M.D., Peterson, W.T., Smith, R.L., Sydeman, W.J., Venrick, E. and Wheeler, P.A. (2002) The State of the California Current, 2001-2002: Will the California Current Keep Its Cool, or Is El Nino Looming? California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report, 43, 31-73.
[11]
Millán-Núnez, E. and Millán-Núnez, R. (2010) Specific Absorption Coefficient and Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Southern Region of the California Current during January 2002. Journal of Oceanography, 66, 719-730.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-010-0059-z
[12]
Gaxiola-Castro, G., Durazo, R., Lavaniegos, B., De La Cruz-Orozco, M.E., Millan-Nunez, E., Soto-Mardones, L. and Cepeda-Morales, J. (2008) Pelagic Ecosystem Response to Interannual Variability off Baja California. Ciencias Marinas, 34, 263-270.
https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v34i2.1413
[13]
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M.S. (1998). Measuring the Strength of ENSO Events-How Does 1997/98 Rank? Weather, 53, 315-324.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06408.x
[14]
Mantua, N.J.S., Hare, R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M. and Francis, R.C. (1997) A Pacific Decadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Productions. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 78, 1069-1079.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
[15]
IOCCG (2000) Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex, Waters. In: Sathyendranath, S., Ed., Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group, IOCCG, Dartmouth, 1-140.
[16]
Costa-Goela, P., Icely, J., Cristina, S., Newton, A., Moore, G. and Cordeiro, C. (2013) Specific Absorption Coefficient of Phytoplankton off the Southwest Coast of the Iberian Peninsula: A Contribution to Algorithm Development for Ocean Colour Remote Sensing. Continental Shelf Research, 52, 119-132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.11.009
[17]
Kirk, J.T.O. and Tyler, P.A. (1986) The Spectral Absorption and Scattering Properties of Dissolved and Particulate Components in Relation to the Underwater Light Field of Some Tropical Australian Fresh-Waters. Freshwater Biology, 16, 573-583.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb01001.x
[18]
Cleveland, J.S. (1995) Regional Models for Phytoplankton Absorption as a Function of Chlorophyll a Concentration. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 100, 13333-13344. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00532
[19]
Sosa-àvalos, R., Millán-Núnez, E., Quijano-Scheggia, S.I., Lara-Lara, J.R. and Silva-Iniguez, L. (2015) Variability of the Absorption Coefficient for Phytoplankton Influence of Red Tide in Manzanillo and Santiago Bays, Mexico. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía, 50, 427-438.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572015000400003
[20]
Millán-Nunez, E. and Macías Carballo, M. (2014) Phytogeography Associated at Spectral Absorption Shapes in the Southern Region of the California Current. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report, 550, 183-196.
[21]
Gómez-Ocampo, E., Gaxiola-Castro, G., Durazo, R. and Beier, E. (2018) Effects of the 2013-2016 Warm Anomalies on the California Current Phytoplankton. Deep Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 151, 64-76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.01.005
[22]
Sverdrup, H.V., Johnson, M.W. and Fleming, R.H. (1942) The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1087.
[23]
Durazo, R., Gaxiola-Castro, G., Lavaniegos, B., Castro-Valdez, R., Gómez-Valdez, J. and Mascarenhas, A. (2005) Oceanographic Conditions West of the Baja California coast, 2002-2203: A Weak El Nino and Subartic Water Enhancement. Ciencias Marinas, 31, 537-552. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v31i3.43
[24]
Checkley, D.M. and Barth, J.A. (2009) Patterns and Processes in the California Current System. Progress in Oceanography, 83, 49-64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.028
[25]
Chhak, K. and Di Lorenzo, D. (2007) Decadal Variations in the California Current Upwelling Cells. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030203
[26]
Holm-Hansen, O., Lorenzen, C., Holmes, R. and Strickland, J. (1965) Fluorometric determination of Chlorophyll. Journal of Marine Science, 30, 3-15.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/30.1.3
[27]
Throndsen, J. (1978) Preservation and Storage. In: Sournia, A., Ed., Phytoplankton Manual, UNESCO, Paris.
[28]
Kishino, M., Takahashi, M., Okami, N. and Ichimura, S. (1985) Estimation of the Spectral Absorption Coefficients of Phytoplankton in the Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 37, 634-642.
[29]
Utermohl, H. (1958) Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton methodik. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie: Mitteilungen, 9, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/05384680.1958.11904091
[30]
Licea, S., Moreno, J.L., Santoyo, H. and Figueroa, G. (1996) Dinoflageladas del Golfo de California. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Baja California Sur.
[31]
Moreno, J.L., Licea, S. and Santoyo, H. (1997) Diatomeas del Golfo de California. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Baja California Sur.
Edler, L. (1979) Recomendations for Marine Biological Studies in the Baltic Sea. Phytoplankton and Chlorophyll. Baltic Marine Biology, 5, 1-38.
[34]
Verity, P.G., Robertson, C.Y., Tronzo, C.R., Andrews, M.G., Nelson, J.R. and Sieracki, M. (1992) Relationships between Cell Volumen and the Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Marine Photosynthetic Nanoplankton. Limnology & Oceanography, 37, 1434-1446. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.7.1434
[35]
Levins, R. (1978) Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton University Press, Princenton.
[36]
Sánchez-Pérez, E.D. (2008) Caracterización de la comunidad de fitoplancton a partir de la forma espectral de absorción frente a Baja California: Veranos 2002-2003. Master Dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali.
[37]
Goericke, R., Venrick, E., Mantyla, A., Bograd, S., Schwing, F.B., Huyer, A., Smith, R.L., Wheeler, P.A., Hooff, R., Peterson, W.T., Gaxiola-Castro, G., Gómez-Valdez, J., Lavaniegos, B.E., Hyrenbach, K.D. and Sydeman, W.J. (2004) The State of the California Current, 2003-2004: A Rare “Normal” Year. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report, 45, 27-59.
[38]
Preisendorfer, R.W. (1961) Application of Radioactive Transfer Theory to Light Measurements in the Sea. International Union of Geophysics and International Association of Oceanography, 10, 83-91.
[39]
Morel, A. and Bricaud, A. (1981) Theoretical Results Concerning Light Absorption in a Discrete Medium, and Application to Specific Absorption of Phytoplankton. Deep Sea Research, 28, 1375-1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(81)90039-X
[40]
Sathyendranath, S., Lazzara, L. and Prieur, L. (1987) Variations in the Spectral Values of Specific Absorption of Phytoplankton. Limnology & Oceanography, 32, 403-415. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1987.32.2.0403
[41]
Miranda-álvarez, A.C., Millán-Núnez, E. (2016) Phytoplankton Oceanographic Characterization during El Nino 2004 Event in the Northwest Region of Baja California, México. Biology Science, 4, 61-81.
