An experiment was conducted to examine probable
impact of location and handling on the fungi commonly associated with rotting
watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). The
rotting watermelon samples were obtained from two vendors each from five
different markets (Bodija, Sango, Mokola, Eleyele, Agbowo and Ojoo) in Ibadan,
Oyo state. They were placed in different sterile sample bags which were labeled
appropriately before bringing them to the Pathology Laboratory, Department of
Botany, University of Ibadan. Isolation of fungi from the rotting samples was
carried out using pour plate method on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (APDA).
Pathogenicity test was also conducted for the isolated fungi. All experiments
were done in duplicates and all plates were incubated at 25°C ± 2°C
for 7 days. Pure cultures were obtained and
identified and each isolated fungus was recorded as 1 which means present and 0 which means absent. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS
version 9.3 at p ≤ 0.05. A total of three fungi were isolated viz., Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Aspergillus
niger. Occurrence of A.niger and A. flavus in samples obtained from Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Ojoo
markets were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those from the other two
markets. Occurrence of S. cerevisae in samples obtained from Bodija and Mokola
markets were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those from the other
three markets. Location had significant impact on the occurrence of isolated
fungi in the rotting watermelons. However, handling by vendors had no
significant impact on occurrence of the isolated fungi. Vendors and consumers
are advised to be mindful of place of purchase and to
References
[1]
Mogotlane, E.A., Mokwala, P.W. and Mangena, P. (2018) Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Compositions of Indigenous Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds from Two Districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology, 17, 1001-1006. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2018.16552
[2]
Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. (1976) An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops. Longman Group Ltd., London.
[3]
Wehner, T.C., Shetty, N.V. and Elmestron, G.W. (2001) In: D.N. Maynard (ed.). Watermelons Characteristics, Production, and Marketing 160 Afr. J. Plant Sci.
[4]
Maynard, D.N. (2001) An Introduction to the Watermelon. In: Watermelons: Characteristics, Production, and Marketing, ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, 9-20.
[5]
Wehner, T.C. (2008) Watermelon. In: Prohens, J. and Nuez, F., Eds., Vegetables I. Handbook of Plant Breeding, Springer, New York, 381-418.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_12
[6]
IITA (2007) Watermelon Production in Nigeria. A Practical Guide, 3-15.
[7]
Gwana, A.M., Bako, M.M., Bagudu, B.Y., Sadiq, A.B. and Abdullah, I.M.M. (2014) Determinations of Phytochemical, Vitamin, Mineral and Proximate Compositions of Varieties of Watermelon Seeds Cultivated in Borno State, North-Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 3, 238-245.
[8]
Okonmah, L.U., Agbogidi, O.M. and Nwagu, O.K. (2011) Evaluation of Four Varieties of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb) in Asaba Agro-Ecological Environment. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 1, 126-130.
[9]
Salk, A., Arin, L., Deveci, M. and Polat, S. (2008) Ozel Sebzecilik (In Turkish).
[10]
Ensminger, A.H., Esminger, M.E., Konlande, J.E. and Robson, J.R.K. (1986) Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia. Pegus Press: Clovis, CA, 1061-1072.
[11]
Levetin, E.K. and Mrnahoii, C. (2003) Plants and Society. 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
[12]
Abu-Reidah, I.M., Arraez-Roman, D., Carretero, A.S. and Fernandez-Gutierrez, A. (2013) Profiling of Phenolic and Other Polar Constituents from Hydro-Methanolic Extract of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) by Means of Accurate-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Food Research International, 51, 354-362.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.033
[13]
Erhirhie, E.O. and Ekene, N.E. (2013) Medical Values on Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Pharmacological Review. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4, 1205-1312.
[14]
Le, J., Chuan, J.D., Andy, H.L. and Colin, W.E. (2005) Do Dietary Lycopene and Other Carotenoids Protect against Prostate Cancer? International Journal of Cancer, 113, 1010-1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20667
[15]
Olayinka, B.U. and Etejere, E.O. (2018) Proximate and Chemical Compositions of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai cv Red and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv Pipino). International Food Research Journal, 25, 1060-1066.
[16]
Sanders, D.C. (2001) Vegetable Crop Guidelines for the Southeastern U.S. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
[17]
Bulajic, A., Krstic, B. and Ivanovic, M. (2008) Bolesti lubenice i mere suzbijanja. Biljni lekar, 36, 426-435.
[18]
Singh, D. and Sharma, R.R. (2007) Postharvest Diseases of Fruit and Vegetables and Their Management. In: Prasad, D., Ed., Sustainable Pest Management, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
[19]
Mbajiuka, S.C. and Enya, E. (2014) Isolation of Microorganisms Associated with Deterioration of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Fruits. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 501-512.
[20]
Agbabiaka, T.O., Saliu, B.K., Sule, I.O., Oyeyiola, G.P. and Odedina, G.F. (2015) Microbial Deterioration of Tomato Fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) Sold in Three Popular Markets in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4, 10-18.
[21]
Ibrahim, M. and Sada, M.D. (2015) Yeasts Associated with Spoilage of Some Selected Fruits in Sokoto Metropolis. http://scienceq.org/Journals/JALS.php
[22]
Oviasogie, F.E., Ogofure, A.G., Beshiru, A., Ode, J.N. and Omeje, F.I. (2015) Assessment of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Orange Spoilage. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9, 1758-1763. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2014.7246
[23]
Nwachukwu, E., Ezeama, C.F. and Ezeanya, B.N. (2008) Microbiology of Polyethylene-Packaged Sliced Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Sold by Street Vendors in Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2, 192-195.
[24]
Nwachukwu, E. and Osuocha, H.U. (2014) Microbiological Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Sliced Pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Vended in Umuahia, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 910-916.
[25]
Titilayo, A.F. and Salome, O.T. (2014) Microbiological Assessment of Sliced Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Oyo, Nigeria. Natural science, 12, 88-91.
[26]
Odebisi-Omokanye, M.B., Oke, M.A., Ahmed El-Imam, A.M., Ajijolakewu, A.K. and Salaudeen, B.I. (2015) Microbiological Quality and Safety of Pre-Cut Fruit Retailed in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4, 19-26.
[27]
Udoh, I.P., Eleazar, C.I., Ogeneh, B.O. and Ohanu, M.E. (2015) Studies on Fungi Responsible for the Spoilage/Deterioration of Some Edible Fruits and Vegetables. Advances in Microbiology, 5, 285-290.
[28]
Samuel, T.O., Egwuatu, T.O.G. and Ebabhi, A.M. (2017) Microbial Contamination of Shea (vitellaria paradoxa G. Don) Butter from Local Markets in Southwestern and Edo State, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 19, 333-339.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v19i2.13
[29]
Al-Hindi, R.R., Al-Najada, A.R. and Mohamed, S.A. (2011) Isolation and Identification of Some Fruit Spoilage Fungi: Screening of Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 443-448.
[30]
Tafinta, I.Y., Shehu, K., Abdulganiyyu, H., Rabe, A.M. and Usman, A. (2013) Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with the Spoilage of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Fruits in Sokoto State. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2, 193-196. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v21i3.4
[31]
Amadi, J.E., Nwaokike, P., Olahan, G.S. and Garuba, T. (2014) Isolation and Identification of Fungi Involved in the Post-Harvest Spoilage of Guava (Psidium guajava) in Awka Metropolis. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4, 7-12.
[32]
Aminu, F. and Ali, M. (2017) Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms Associated with Spoilage of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) in Sabon-Gari Market Kano, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Science and Research, 3, 1-8.