This paper examines the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) experience in women and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and determines if there is a preponderance of literature evidence. Research is reviewed dealing with the different biopsychosocial factors affecting the relationship between IPV and CVD. As a result of our review, we propose a framework on the biopsychosocial pathway of IPV as a risk factor of CVD of women. Our proposed framework portrays how IPV experiences contribute to long-term biopsychosocial changes that increase the risk of CVD among female victims of IPV. These biopsychosocial changes include chronic inflammation and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, metabolic or endocrine dysfunction, and mood symptomatology. In our framework, we also included strategies to prevent risks in developing CVD through the three levels of prevention. Because gender disparities exist when examining CVD risk and development, the correlation between IPV and CVD risk in women must be explored. This framework may provide a theoretical foundation for further research on the relationship between IPV and CVD among women.
References
[1]
Laughon, K. and Campbell, J.C. (2012) Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women: Intimate Partner Violence. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[2]
Tjaden, P. and Thoennes, N. (2000) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. National Institute of Justice and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Washington DC.
[3]
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C. and Abrahams, N. (2013) Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. World Health Organization, Geneva.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547
[4]
Dolezal, T., McCollum, D. and Callahan, M. (2009) Hidden Costs in Health Care: The Economic Impact of Violence and Abuse. The Academy on Violence and Abuse, Eden Prairie.
[5]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) Intimate Partner Violence: Consequences. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
[6]
Rivara, F.P., Anderson, M.L., Fishman, P., Bonomi, A.E., Reid, R.J., Carrell, D. and Thompson, R.S. (2007) Healthcare Utilization and Costs for Women with a History of Intimate Partner Violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 89-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.10.001
[7]
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E.J., Go, A.S., et al. (2015) Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 131, e29-e322. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152
[8]
American Heart Association (2018) Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2018 Update. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558
[9]
Mosca, L., Mochari-Greenberger, H., Dolor, R.J., Newby, L.K. and Robb, K.J. (2010) Twelve-Year Follow-Up of American Women’s Awareness of Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Barriers to Heart Health. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 109, 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.915538
[10]
Garcia, M., Mulvagh, S.L., Merz, C.N.B., Buring, J.E. and Manson, J.E. (2016) Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives. Circulation Research, 118, 1273-1293. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547
[11]
Gu, Q., Burt, V.L., Paulose-Ram, R. and Dillon, C.F. (2008) Gender Differences in Hypertension Treatment, Drug Utilization Patterns, and Blood Pressure Control among US Adults with Hypertension: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. American Journal of Hypertension, 21, 789-798.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2008.185
[12]
Suaya, J.A., Shepard, D.S., Normand, S.L.T., Ades, P.A., Prottas, J. and Stason, W.B. (2007) Use of Cardiac Rehabilitation by Medicare Beneficiaries after Myocardial Infarction or Coronary Bypass Surgery. Circulation, 116, 1653-1662.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466
[13]
Lachs, M.S. and Pillemer, K. (1995) Abuse and Neglect of Elderly Persons. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 437-443.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199502163320706
[14]
Breiding, M.J., Black, M.C. and Ryan, G.W. (2008) Chronic Disease and Health Risk Behaviors Associated with Intimate Partner Violence—18 US States/Territories, 2005. Annals of Epidemiology, 18, 538-544.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.02.005
[15]
Constantino, R.E., Reyes, A.T., Cobb, J. and Kameg, B. (2019) The Constantino, Reyes, Cobb, and Kameg Biopsychosocial Pathway of IPV and CVD and the Three Levels of Prevention. An Unpublished Manuscript, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Department of Health and Community Systems, Pittsburgh.
[16]
Scott-Storey, K.A. (2013) Abuse as a Gendered Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: A Conceptual Model. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 28, E1-E8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0b013e318279e372
[17]
Breiding, M.J. (2014) Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63, 1-18. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm
[18]
Rogers, L.K. and Velten, M. (2011) Maternal Inflammation, Growth Retardation, and Preterm Birth: Insights into Adult Cardiovascular Disease. Life Sciences, 89, 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.017
[19]
Bosak, K. and Martin, L. (2014) Neuroimaging of Goal-Directed Behavior in Midlife Women. Nursing Research, 63, 388-396.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000060
[20]
Clark, C.J., Spencer, R.A., Everson-Rose, S.A., et al. (2014) Dating Violence, Childhood Maltreatment, and BMI from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Pediatrics, 134, 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1179
[21]
Hall, N.R. (2013) Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease from the Perspective of the Brain and Inflammation. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 19, 8-9.
https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2013.19103
[22]
Mason, S.M., Wright, R.J., Hibert, E.N., Spiegelman, D., Forman, J.P. and Rich-Edwards, J.W. (2012) Intimate Partner Violence and Incidence of Hypertension in Women. Annals of Epidemiology, 22, 562-567.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.05.003
[23]
Newton, T.L., Fernandez-Botran, R., Miller, J.J., Lorenz, D.J., Burns, V.E. and Fleming, K.N. (2011) Markers of Inflammation in Midlife Women with Intimate Partner Violence Histories. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 1871-1880.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029157
[24]
O’Neil, A. and Scovelle, A.J. (2018) Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 10, 15-19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.01.006
[25]
Tawakol A., Ishai, A., Takx, A.P., et al. (2017) Relation between Resting Amygdalar Activity and Cardiovascular Events: A Longitudinal and Cohort Study. The Lancet, 389, 834-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31714-7
[26]
De Bosscher, K., Van Craenenbroeck, K., Meijer, O.C. and Haegeman, G. (2008) Selective Transrepression versus Transactivation Mechanisms by Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators in Stress and Immune Systems. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 290-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.076
[27]
Nikkheslat, N., Zunszain, P.A., Horowitz, M.A., et al. (2015) Insufficient Glucocorticoid Signaling and Elevated Inflammation in Coronary Heart Disease Patients with Comorbid Depression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 48, 8-18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.002
[28]
Miller, A.H., Pariante, C.M. and Pearce, B.D. (1999) Effects of Cytokines on Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Function. Glucocorticoid Resistance and Relevance to Depression. Advance in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 461, 107-116.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_7
[29]
Porges, E.C., Smith, K.E. and Decety, J. (2015) Individual Differences in Vagal Regulation Are Related to Testosterone Responses to Observed Violence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00019
[30]
Denson, T.F., O’Dean, S.M., Blake, K. and Beames, J.R. (2018) Aggression in Women: Behavior, Brains, and Hormones. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 81. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00081/full
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00081
[31]
Cohan, C.L., Booth, A. and Granger, D.A. (2003) Gender Moderates the Relationship between Testosterone and Marital Interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.29
[32]
Thurston, R.C., Chang, Y., Derby, C.A., Bromberger, J.T., Harlow, S.D., Janssen, I. and Matthews, K.A. (2014) Abuse and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease among Midlife Women: The Study of Women’s Health across the Nation. Stroke, 45, 2246-2251.
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005928
[33]
Steptoe, A. and Kivimäki, M. (2013) Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update on Current Knowledge. Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 337-354.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114452
[34]
Stene, L.E., Dyb, G., Tverdal, A., Jacobsen, G.W. and Schei, B. (2012) Intimate Partner Violence and Prescription of Potentially Addictive Drugs: Prospective Cohort Study of Women in the Oslo Health Study. British Medical Journal Open, 2, e000614. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000614
[35]
Batten, S.V., Aslan, M., Maciejewski, P.K. and Mazure, C.M. (2004) Childhood Maltreatment as a Risk Factor for Adult Cardiovascular Disease and Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 249-254. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v65n0217
[36]
McFarlane, J., Symes, L., Frazier, L., McGlory, G., Henderson-Everhardus, M.C., Watson, K. and Liu, Y. (2010) Connecting the Dots of Heart Disease, Poor Mental Health, and Abuse to Understand Gender Disparities and Promote Women’s Health: A Prospective Cohort Analysis. Health Care for Women International, 31, 313-326.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330902893853
[37]
Hosang, G.M., Johnson, S.L., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., et al. (2013) Gender Specific Association of Child Abuse and Adult Cardiovascular Disease in a Sample of Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 374-379.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.018
[38]
Johnson, S.B., Riley, A.W., Granger, D.A. and Riis, J. (2013) The Science of Early Life Toxic Stress for Pediatric Practice and Advocacy. Pediatrics, 131, 319-327.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0469
[39]
Midei, A.J., Matthews, K.A., Chang, Y.F. and Bromberger, J.T. (2013) Childhood Physical Abuse Is Associated with Incident of Metabolic Syndrome in Mid-Life Women. Health Psychology, 32, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027891
[40]
Constantino, R. and Privitera, M.R. (2011) Prevention Terminology: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Evolution of Terms. In: Privitera, M.R., Ed., Workplace Violence in Mental and General Health Care Settings, Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 15-22.
[41]
Gordon, R. (1983) An Operational Classification of Disease Prevention. Public Health Reports, 98, 107-109.
[42]
Institute of Medicine (2004) Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers of Preventive Intervention Research. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
[43]
Constantino, R., Wu, L., de la Cruz, D., Burroughs, J., Hwang, J.H., Henderson, A. and Braxter, B. (2014) Exploring the Feasibility of Text Messaging Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence. Open Journal of Nursing, 4, 528-537.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2014.47056
[44]
Constantino, R.E., Braxter, B., Ren, D., Burroughs, J.D., Doswell, W., Wu, L. and Greene, W.B. (2015) Comparing Online with Face-to-Face HELPP Intervention in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36, 430-438. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.991049
[45]
Ramadoss, R. and Bose, B. (2010) Transformative Life Skills: Pilot Study of a Yoga Model for Stress and Improving Self-Control in Vulnerable Youth. International Journal of Yoga, 20, 73-78.
[46]
Walton, K.G., Schneider, R.H., Nidich, S.I., Salemo, J.W., Nordstrom, C.K. and Merz, C.N.B. (2002) Psychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Part 2: Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation Program in Treatment and Prevention. Behavioral Medicine, 28, 106-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280209596049
[47]
Reyes, A.T. and Constantino, R.E. (2016) Asian American Women’s Resilience: An Integrative Review. Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal, 1, 105-115.
https://doi.org/10.9741/23736658.1048
