Agroforestry systems have the potential to provide
year-long income opportunities via the integrated forage or crop, timber, and
livestock. Legumes are an attractive alternative option during the growing
season when more traditional forages may not be as productive. The objective of
this study was to test the establishment of arrowleaf and white clover grown
under varying pine tree alley widths. In 2011, existing forage was removed in
15-yr old loblolly pine tree row alleys of different widths (3.7, 4.9, 7.3, and
9.8 m), including an open area. Arrowleaf, as an annual, was replanted in 2012.
Seedlings were counted twice/year, while dry matter was measured three
times/year. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured in all alley
widths to compare light penetration through the canopy. Hot and dry conditions
occurred throughout 2012, affecting results. In 2012 and 2013, the greatest PAR
for most treatments was observed in June. Seedling counts for all treatments
were greatest immediately after establishment, and gradually declined
throughout the course of the study. Dry matter yields increased throughout the
growing season, and were greatest in arrowleaf clover in the open area on all
measurement dates; however,
increased weed pressure and repeated flooding affected yields. This study
demonstrated that clover establishment in shady wooded areas is possible, but
only under suitable environmental conditions.
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http://www.afrc.uamont.edu/2018%20Forestry%20Economic%20Contributions.pdf
[3]
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Burner, D.M. and Brauer, D.K. (2003) Herbage Response to Spacing of Loblolly Pine Trees in a Minimal Management Silvopasture in Southeastern USA. Agroforestry Systems, 57, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022943224478
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Burner, D.M., Dwyer, J.P. and Godsey, L.D. (2011) Stocking Rate Mediates Responses of Mid-Rotation Loblolly Pine in West-Central Arkansas. 1. Growth. Agroforestry Systems, 81, 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-010-9326-7
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Kremer, R.J. and Kussman, R.D. (2011) Soil Quality in a Pecan-Kura Clover Alley Cropping System in the Midwestern USA. Agroforestry Systems, 83, 213-223.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9370-y
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Burner, D.M. (2003) Influence of Alley Crop Environment on Orchard Grass and Tall Fescue Herbage. Agronomy Journal, 95, 1163-1171.
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Jolliff, G.D., Garza, A. and Hertel, J.M. (1979) Seasonal Forage Nutritive Value Variation of Coastal and Coastcross-1 Bermudagrass. Agronomy Journal, 71, 91-94.
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McCracken, B.A., Krysl, L.J., Park, K.K., Holcombe, D.W. and Judkins, M.B. (1993) Steers Grazing Endophyte-Free Tall Fescue: Seasonal Changes in Nutrient Quality, Forage Intake, Digesta Kinetics, Ruminal Fermentation, and Serum Hormones and Metabolics. Journal of Animal Science, 71, 1588-1595.
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[14]
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https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_loar10.pdf
[15]
Coladonato, M. (1993) Trifolium repens. Fire Effects Information System. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/trirep/all.html
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United States Department of Agriculture (2006) Natural Resources Conservation Service. White CloverPlant Fact Sheet.
https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_trre3.pdf
[17]
Lin, C.H., McGraw, R.L., George, M.F. and Garrett, H.E. (1999) Shade Effects on Forage Crops with Potential in Temperate Agroforestry Practices. Agroforestry Systems, 44, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006205116354
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Vogel, K.P. and Masters, R.A. (2001) Frequency Grid—A Simple Tool for Measuring Grassland Establishment. Journal of Range Management, 54, 653-655.
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[20]
Southern Regional Climate Center (2018) Climdat. https://climdata.srcc.lsu.edu
[21]
Garrett, H.E., Kerley, M.S., Ladyman, K.P., Walter, W.D., Godsey, L.D., et al. (2004) Hardwood Silvopasture Management in North America. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_2
[22]
Singh, R.P., Ong, C.K. and Saharan, N. (1989) Above and below Ground Interactions in Alley-Cropping in Semi-Arid India. Agroforestry Systems, 9, 259-274.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00141088
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Ong, C.K., Corlett, J.E., Singh, R.P. and Black, C.R. (1991) Above and below Ground Interactions in Agroforestry Systems. Forest Ecology and Management, 45, 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90205-A
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[25]
Jose, S., Gillespie, A.R. and Pallardy, S.G. (2004) Interspecific Interactions in Temperate Agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 237-255.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_17
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Alley, J.L., Garrett, H.E., McGraw, R.L., Dwyer, J.P. and Blanche, C.A. (1999) Forage Legumes as Living Mulches for Trees in Agroforestry Practices—Preliminary Results. Agroforestry Systems, 44, 281-291.
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