Academic performance is a challenge confronting many postsecondary students in Northern Manitoba. As such, this study explores the role of situated (field-based) learning and participatory video in facilitating scholastic achievement relating to local freshwater availability and mindfulness. First-year students (n = 97) enrolled at the University College of the North in The Pas were randomly assigned to four adult education approaches containing identical subject matter. Student performance was assessed using outcomes of quantitative testing that focused on either foundational concepts or applied skills. Empirical data were examined using ordered multinomial logistic regression and explored cursorily in relation to unsolicited qualitative statements arising from instream participatory video and digitally-captured post-test interviews for each enrollee. Non-conventional lesson interaction inclusive of a modified participatory video approach significantly (p = 0.003) increased quantitative test score means by 26%, raised applied skill scores by one grade level (12%) and significantly (p = 0.07) improved concept understanding between five and 20%. Despite benefits, northern self-declared Aboriginal students still had lower (-11%) test scores on average. Importantly, there was less of a difference academically between non- and self-declared Aboriginal student test scores when situated learning and participatory video use were compared to didactic delivery alone. By identifying non-conventional strategies for improvement in environmental education, tertiary level institutions are presented another option for increasing academic performance ideally mitigating high attrition rates that continue to plague postsecondary education in Northern Manitoba; and for that matter, Canada.
References
[1]
Nardozi, A. (2011) Perceptions of Postsecondary Education in a Northern Ontario Community. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto.
[2]
Barry, M.N. and Dannenberg, M. (2016) Out of Pocket: The High Cost of Inadequate High Schools and High School Student Achievement on College Affordability. Education Reform Now.
[3]
Gaywish, R. and Mordoch, E. (2018) Situating Intergenerational Trauma in the Educational Journey. In Education, 24, 3-23.
[4]
Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation (2015). http://www.crrf.ca/
[5]
Looker, E.D. and Thiessen, V. (2003) Beyond the Digital Divide in Canadian Schools: From Access to Competency in the Use of Information Technology. Social Science Computer Review, 21, 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439303256536
[6]
Xu, D. and Jaggars, S. (2010) The Effectiveness of Distance Education across Virginia’s Community Colleges: Evidence from Introductory College-Level Math and English Courses. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 33, 360-377. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373711413814
[7]
Canadian Council on Learning (2006) The Rural-Urban Gap. http://en.copian.ca/library/research/ccl/rural_urban_gap_ed/rural_urban_gap_ed.pdf
[8]
Jenkins, R. (2012) Online Classes and College Completion. http://chronicle.com/article/Online-ClassesCollege/131133
[9]
Sciadas, G. (2005) Infostates across Countries and Over Time: Conceptualization, Modeling, and Measurements of the Digital Divide. Information Technology for Development, 11, 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/itdj.20018
[10]
UCN (2015-2020) Strategic and Academic Plans. University College of the North, Manitoba.
[11]
Brown, R. (2011) Community-College Students Perform Worse Online than Face to Face. http://chronicle.com/article/Community-College-Students/128281
Davis, A. (2014) Keeping Students in Northern Manitoba Closer to Home: It Covers a Massive Territory, but This Northern School Is Designed to Make Aboriginal Students Feel Welcome. Opasquia Times. Interview with Konrad Jonasson (President).
[14]
Precel, K., Eshet-Alkalai, Y. and Alberton, Y. (2009) Pedagogical and Design Aspects of a Blended Learning Course. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.618
[15]
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada [INAC] (2012) Surveys on Aboriginal Peoples. https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1321384019753/1322059098232
[16]
Rey, J. and Harrison, N. (2018) Sydney as an Indigenous Place: “Goanna Walking” Brings People Together. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 14, 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180117751930
[17]
Ballard, M. (2012) Flooding Sustainable Livelihoods of the Lake St Martin First Nation: The Need to Enhance the Role of Gender and Language in Anishinaabe Knowledge Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
[18]
Hoffman, S.M. (2004) Engineering Poverty: Colonialism and Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba. University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1-22.
[19]
Pip, E. and Stepaniuk, J. (1988) The Effects of Flooding on Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica, L.). Aquatic Botany, 32, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90121-0
[20]
Alderman, K., Turner, L.R. and Tong, S. (2012) Floods and Human Health: A Systematic Review. Environment International, 47, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003
[21]
Waldram, J.B. (2008) Native Employment and Hydroelectric Development in Northern Manitoba. Journal of Canadian Studies, 22, 62-76.
[22]
Ballard, M. and Martin, D. (2014) Lake St. Martin First Nation Community Members’ Experiences of Induced Displacement: “We’re Like Refugees”. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 29, 75-86.
[23]
Ford, J.D., Berrang-Ford, L., King, M. and Furgal, C. (2010) Vulnerability of Aboriginal Health Systems in Canada to Climate Change. Global Environmental Change, 20, 668-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003
[24]
Thompson, S. (2015) Flooding of First Nations and Environmental Justice in Manitoba: Case Studies of the Impacts of the 2011 Flood and of Hydro Development in Manitoba. Manitoba Law Journal, 38.
[25]
Boyd, D. (2011) No Taps, No Toilets: First Nations and the Constitutional Right to Water in Canada. McGill Law Journal, 57, 81-134. https://doi.org/10.7202/1006419ar
[26]
White, J., Murphy, L. and Spence, N. (2012) Water and Indigenous Peoples: Canada’s Paradox. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 3, Article 3. http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iipj/vol3/iss3/3
[27]
Kumar, A. and Farenhorst, A. (2016) Water Distribution Systems Failing. Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg, Canada. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/water-distribution-systems-failing-383069121.html
Office of the Auditor General of Canada (OAG) (2011) 2011 June Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada: Chapter 4—Programs for First Nations on Reserves. http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/english/parl_oag_201106_04_e_35372.html#hd5f
[30]
WWF-Canada (2017) Living Planet Report Canada. https://assets.wwf.ca/downloads/WEB_WWF_REPORT.pdf
[31]
Bowden, M. (2011) A Brief Analysis of Bill S-11: Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act.
Rizvi, Z., Adamowski, J. and Patrick, R. (2013) First Nation Capacity in Quebec to Practice Integrated Water Resources Management. International Journal of Water. 7, 161-190. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijw.2013.054859
[34]
Plummer, R., Grosbois, D., Armitage, D. and de Loe, R. (2013) An Integrative Assessment of Water Vulnerability in First Nations Communities in Southern Ontario, Canada. Global Environmental Change, 23, 749-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.03.005
[35]
Cameron, E. (2012) Securing Indigenous Politics: A Critique of the Vulnerability and Adaptation Approach to the Human Dimensions of Climate Change in the Canadian Arctic. Global Environmental Change, 22, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.004
[36]
Basdeo, M. and Bharadwaj, L. (2013) Beyond Physical: Social Dimensions of the Water Crisis on Canada’s First Nations and Considerations for Governance. Indigenous Policy Journal, 23, 1-14.
[37]
Rafferty, A., Jimmieson, N. and Armenakis, A. (2013) Change Readiness: A Multilevel Review. Journal of Management, 39, 110-135.
[38]
Somerville, M.J. (2010) A Place Pedagogy for “Global Contemporaneity”. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42, 326-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00423.x
[39]
Hipel, K., Fang, L., Taha, B. and Bristow, M. (2013) An Introduction to the Special Issue on Tackling Challenging Water Resources Problems in Canada: A Systems Approach. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 38, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2013.773643
[40]
Gruenewald, D.A. (2003) Foundations of Place: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Place-Conscious Education. American Educational Research Journal, 40, 619-654. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040003619
[41]
Sellar, S. (2013) Equity, Markets and the Politics of Aspiration in Australian Higher Education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 34, 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2013.770250
[42]
Medema, W., Adamowski, J., Orr, C., Wals, A. and Milot, N. (2015) Towards Sustainable Water Governance: Examining Water Governance Issues in Quebec through the Lens of Multi-Loop Social Learning. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 40, 373-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2015.1088403
[43]
Ison, R. and Watson, D. (2007) Illuminating the Possibilities for Social Learning in the Management of Scotland’s Water. Ecology and Society, 12, 21. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art21/ https://doi.org/10.5751/es-02020-120121
[44]
Spillman, D. (2017) Coming Home to Place: Aboriginal Lore and Place-Responsive Pedagogy for Transformative Learning in Australian Outdoor Education. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 20, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03400999
[45]
Ford, J., Knight, M. and Pearce, T. (2013) Assessing the “Usability” of Climate Change Research for Decision-Making: A Case Study of the Canadian International Polar Year. Global Environmental Change, 23, 1317-1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.001
[46]
Dyball, R., Brown, V. and Keen, M. (2007) Towards Sustainability: Five Strands of Social Learning. In: Wals, A., Ed., Social Learning towards a Sustainable World: Principles, Perspectives, and Praxis, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 181-195. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-594-9
[47]
Battiste, M. (2009) Naturalizing Indigenous Knowledge in Eurocentric Education. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 32, 5-18.
[48]
Bishop, A.J. (2002) Critical Challenges in Researching Cultural Issues in Mathematics Education. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 23, 119-131.
[49]
Kitchin, R. (1999) Creating an Awareness of Others: Highlighting the Role of Space and Place. Geography, 84, 45-54.
[50]
King, J.A. and Evans, K.M. (1991) Can We Achieve Outcome-Based Education? Educational Leadership, 49, 73-75.
[51]
Cherubini, L. and Hodson, J. (2008) Ontario Ministry of Education Policy and Aboriginal Learners’ Epistemologies: A Fundamental Disconnect. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, No. 79.
[52]
Faircloth, S.C. and Tippeconnic III, J.W. (2010) The Dropout/Graduation Crisis among American Indian and Alaska Native Students: Failure to Respond Places the Future of Native Peoples at Risk. Civil Rights Project, 40.
[53]
Sanderson, E. and Kindon, S. (2004) Progress in Participatory Development: Opening up the Possibility of Knowledge through Progressive Participation. Progress in Development Studies, 4, 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993404ps080oa
[54]
Randstrom, R. and Deur, D. (1999) Reciprocal Appropriation: Towards an Ethics of Cross Cultural Research. In: Proctor, J.D. and Smith, D.M., Eds., Geography and Ethics: Journeys in a Moral Terrain, Routledge, London, 237-250.
[55]
Derrien, M.M. and Stokowski, P.A. (2014) Sense of Place as a Learning Process: Examples from the Narratives of Bosnian Immigrants in Vermont. Leisure Sciences, 36, 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.862885
[56]
Sims, L. and Falkenberg, T. (2013) Developing Competencies for Education for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Canadian Faculties of Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 2, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n4p1
[57]
Manitoba Education Research Network [MERN] (2016). https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/teched/resources.html
[58]
UCN Faculty Handbook (2015/16, 2016/17) University College of the North, Manitoba.
[59]
Knight, P.T. and Yorke, M. (2002) Employability through the Curriculum. Tertiary Education and Management, 8, 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2002.9967084
[60]
Bachelard, G. (1994) The Poetics of Space. Beacon Press, Boston, MA. (First published in 1958)
[61]
Ceppi, G. and Zini, M. (1998) Children, Spaces, Relations. Metaproject for an Environment for Young Children. Domus Academy Research Center, Milan.
[62]
Gough, A. (2007) Outdoor and Environmental Studies: More Challenges to Its Place in the Curriculum. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 11, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03400854
[63]
Brown, J.S., Collins, A. and Duguid, P. (1989) Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Educational Researcher, 18, 32-42. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x018001032
[64]
Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991) Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
[65]
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Design and Nature. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
[66]
Herrington, J. and Oliver, R. (1995) Critical Characteristics of Situated Learning: Implications for the Instructional Design of Multimedia. ASCILITE 1995 Conference, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3-7 December 1995, 253-262.
[67]
Hungerford, H.R. and Volk, T.L. (1990) Changing Learner Behavior through Environmental Education. Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1990.10753743
[68]
Rule, A.C. (2006) The Components of Authentic Learning. Journal of Authentic Learning, 3, 1-10.
[69]
Chowdhury, A.H., HamblyOdame, H. and Leeuwis, C. (2014) Transforming the Roles of a Public Extension Agency to Strengthen Innovation: Lessons from the National Agricultural Extension Project in Bangladesh. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 20, 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224x.2013.803990
[70]
Scully, A. (2012) Decolonization, Reinhabitation and Reconciliation: Aboriginal and Place-Based Education. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education (CJEE), 17, 148-158.
[71]
Vincini, P. (2003) The Nature of Situated Learning. Innovations in Learning, 1-4.
[72]
Papakura, M. (1986) Makereti—The Old Time Maori.
[73]
Wilson, S.S. (2004) Research as Ceremony: Articulating an Indigenous Research Paradigm. Doctoral Dissertation, Monash University, Melbourne.
[74]
Kimble, C., Hildreth, P.M. and Bourdon, I. (2008) Communities of Practice: Creating Learning Environments for Educators, Vol. 1. IAP, Charlotte, NC.
[75]
Hansman, C.A. and Wilson, A.L. (2002) Situating Cognition: Knowledge and Power in Context. Adult Education Research Conference.
[76]
Kindon, S. (2003) Participatory Video in Geographic Research: A Feminist Practice of Looking? Area, 35, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00236
[77]
Lunch, C. (2008) Participatory Video Facilitation Course. Oxford, UK. https://insightshare.org/courses/
[78]
Lewin, K. (1946) Action Research and Minority Problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-46.
[79]
Leyshon, M. (2002) On Being “in the Field”: Practice, Progress and Problems in Research with Young People in Rural Areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 18, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(01)00038-9
[80]
Mattingly, D. (2001) Place, Teenagers and Representations: Lessons from a Community Theatre Project. Social & Cultural Geography, 2, 445-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360120092634
[81]
McIntyre, A. (2003) Participatory Action Research and Urban Education: Reshaping the Teacher Preparation Process. Equity & Excellence in Education, 36, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680303497
[82]
Murthy, D. (2008) Digital Ethnography an Examination of the Use of New Technologies for Social Research. Sociology, 42, 837-855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508094565
[83]
Haynes, K. and Tanner, T.M. (2015) Empowering Young People and Strengthening Resilience: Youth-Centred Participatory Video as a Tool for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction. Children’s Geographies, 13, 357-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.848599
[84]
De Lange, N. and Mitchell, C. (2012). Building Sustainability into Work with Participatory Video. Handbook of Participatory Video, 318-330.
[85]
Schwass, R. (1993) Excerpt from Interview on CBC Morningside. Environmental Studies Department, York University, Toronto, ON, 18 June 1993. https://www.cbc.ca/archives
[86]
Ferreira, G.A. (2006) Participatory Video for Policy Development in Remote Aboriginal Communities. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
[87]
Buchy, M. (2008) Insights into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field by Nick and Chris Lunch. Development and Change, 39, 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00473_13.x
[88]
Crocker, D.A. (2008) Ethics of Global Development: Agency, Capability, and Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[89]
Snowden, D. (1983) Eyes See; Ears Hear. A Report to the President on Extension Service of Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland.
[90]
Evans, M. and Foster, S. (2009) Representation in Participatory Video: Some Considerations from Research with Métis in British Columbia. Journal of Canadian Studies, 43, 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.43.1.87
[91]
Lunch, C. (2004) Participatory Video: Rural People Document Their Knowledge and Innovations. IK Notes, The World Bank Group.
[92]
Lunch, N. and Lunch, C. (2006) Insights into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the Field. InsightShare.
[93]
Gilbert, B. (1992) Speaking of Fish. Exploring the Use of Popular Education in Rural Newfoundland. http://www.ryakuga.org/library/fish.html
[94]
Ferreira, G.A. (2007) Pelican Case Study: Participatory Video in the Policy Making Process: The Keewaytinook-Okimakanak Case Study. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
[95]
Riano, P. (1994) Women in Grassroots Communication Furthering Social Change. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[96]
Rush, R.R. and Allen, D. (1989) Communications at the Crossroads: The Gender Gap Connection. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ.
[97]
Ferreira, G., Ramírez, R. and Lauzon, A. (2009) Influencing Government Decision Makers through Facilitative Communication via Community-Produced Videos: The Case of Remote Aboriginal Communities in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 4, 19-38.
[98]
Lunch, C. (2007) The Most Significant Change: Using Participatory Video for Monitoring and Evaluation. Participatory Learning and Action, 56. International Institute for Environment and Development.
[99]
Widdowson, F. and Howard, A. (2009) Disrobing the Aboriginal Industry: The Deception behind Indigenous Cultural Preservation. McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal, QC.
[100]
Murphy, D., Balka, E., Poureslami, I., Leung, D., Nicol, A. and Cruz, T. (2007) Communicating Health Information: The Community Engagement Model for Video Production. Canadian Journal of Communication, 32, 383-400. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2007v32n3a1966
[101]
Olmos, G. (2005) Participant Authored Audiovisual Atories (PAAS): Giving the Camera Away or Giving the Camera a Way? http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/methodologyInstitute/pdf/QualPapers/Ramella_and_Olmos.pdf
[102]
Shaw, J. (2012) Interrogating the Gap between the Ideals and Practice Reality of Participatory Video. In: Handbook of Participatory Video, 225-241.
[103]
Society for People’s Education, Empowerment and Development Trust [SPEED]. (2008) Participatory Video Project.
[104]
Witteveen, L. and Lie, R. (2009) Embedded Filming for Social Change: Learning about HIV/AIDS and Rural Development Professionalism. International Journal of Educational Development, 29, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.07.004
[105]
Natural Resource Management in the Mountain Regions of Asia [NORMA] (2008) Participatory Video for Community-Led Research: Natural Resource Management in the Mountain Regions of Asia (NORMA). http://www.comminit.com/en/node/133225/306
[106]
Miller, M. and Cruce, T. (2004) A 20th Century Timeline: Classroom Use of Instructional Film, Radio, and Television.
[107]
Rosenstein, B. (2008) Video Use in Social Science Research and Program Evaluation. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1, 22-43.
[108]
Goodman, S. (2003) Teaching Youth Media: A Critical Guide to Literacy, Video Production and Social Change. Teachers College Press, New York.
[109]
Minardi, H.A. and Ritter, S. (1999) Recording Skills Practice on Videotape Can Enhance Learning: A Comparative Study between Nurse Lecturers and Nursing Students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29, 1318-1325. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01017.x
[110]
Martin, N. (2014) College Fails to Make the Grade. Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg, Canada. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/college-fails-to-make-the-grade-246651741.html
[111]
Mercredi, O. (2009) Opasquia Times. The Pas, Manitoba.
[112]
Cixous, H. and Calle-Gruber, M. (1997) Hélène Cixous, Rootprints: Memory and Life Writing. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203443590
[113]
Davies, B. and Gannon, S. (2009) Pedagogical Encounters.
[114]
Denscombe, M. (2009) Ground Rules for Social Research: Guidelines for Good Practice. McGraw-Hill Education, UK.
[115]
Levene, H. (1960) Robust Tests for Equality of Variances. In Olkin, I., et al., Eds., Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, Vol. 2, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, 278-292.
[116]
IBM SPSS (2014) SPSS Statistical Software. www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
[117]
Statistica (2013) Dell Statistical Software.
[118]
Cortazzi, M. (1993) Narrative Analysis. Routledge.
[119]
Moustakas, C. (1994) Phenomenological Research Methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[120]
Strauss, A.L. and Corbin, J.M. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research, Vol. 15. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
[121]
Cato, M.S. and Myers, J. (2010) Education as Re-Embedding: Stroud Communiversity, Walking the Land and the Enduring Spell of the Sensuous. Sustainability, 3, 51-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/su3010051
[122]
Brookfield, S. (1983) Community Adult Education: A Conceptual Analysis. Adult Education Quarterly, 33, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171368303300303
[123]
Ellsworth, E. (2005) Places of Learning: Media, Architecture, Pedagogy. Routledge.
[124]
Lunce, L.M. (2006) Simulations: Bringing the Benefits of Situated Learning to the Traditional Classroom. Journal of Applied Educational Technology, 3, 37-45.
[125]
Klerkx, L. (2008) Matching Demand and Supply in the Dutch Agricultural Knowledge Infrastructure: The Emergence and Embedding of New Intermediaries in an Agricultural Innovation System in Transition. Wageningen Universiteit, Wageningeng.
[126]
Taguchi, H.L. (2009) Going beyond the Theory/Practice Divide in Early Childhood Education: Introducing an Intra-Active Pedagogy. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203872956
[127]
Gannon, S. (2011) Difference as Ethical Encounter. Cultural Studies↔Critical Methodologies, 11, 71-75.
[128]
Manning, R.F. (2017) Place-Consciousness and Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model: A Discussion of Recurring Issues That Undermine the Teaching of Indigenous Histories in New Zealand and Australian Schools. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 46, 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/jie.2016.31
[129]
Parkes, J. and Zimmaro, D. (2016) Learning and Assessing with Multiple-Choice Questions in College Classrooms. Routledge.
[130]
Wright, T.S. (2002) Definitions and Frameworks for Environmental Sustainability in Higher Education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 3, 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/14676370210434679
[131]
Buckland, J. (2010) Are Low-Income Canadians Financially Literate? Placing Financial Literacy in the Context of Personal and Structural Constraints. Adult Education Quarterly, 60, 357-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713609358449
[132]
Quarry, W. (1994) The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication. Doctoral Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
[133]
Hedrick-Wong, Y., Kramsjo, B. and Sabri, A.A. (1997) Experiences and Challenges in Credit and Poverty Alleviation Programs in Bangladesh: The Case of Proshika. Who Needs Credit? Poverty and Finance in Bangladesh, 1-20.
[134]
Chowdhury, A.H., Van Mele, P. and Hauser, M. (2011) Contribution of Farmer-to-Farmer Video to Capital Assets Building: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 35, 408-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.562059
[135]
Mann, K. (2006) Connecting Future through Film: The Evaluate Story of Focus-Connecting Futures through a Participatory Video Project. Information about Asylum and Refugees in the UK (ICAR).
[136]
Van Mele, P., Wanvoeke, J. and Zossou, E. (2010) Enhancing Rural Learning, Linkages, and Institutions: The Rice Videos in Africa. Development in Practice, 20, 414-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614521003710021
[137]
Grudens-Schuck, N. (2001) A Qualitative Study of the Influence of Farm Leaders' Ideas on a Sustainable Agriculture Education Program. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42, 1-11.
[138]
Scouller, K. (1998) The Influence of Assessment Method on Students’ Learning Approaches: Multiple Choice Question Examination versus Assignment Essay. Higher Education, 35, 453-472.
[139]
Witteveen, L.M., Put, M. and Leeuwis, C. (2010) Learning about Complex Multi-Stakeholder Issues: Assessing the Visual Problem Appraisal. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 16, 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13892240903533145