贫困山区农户生计分化特征及其治理方向——基于山东沂水县农村的实证调查
Characteristics of Rural Household Differentiation and Its Direction of Governance in Poor Mountainous Areas——A Case Study in Rural Areas of Yishui County, Shandong Province

以山东省沂水县为例,通过对１６个典型样点村所作的参与式农村评估调查, 选取农户就业、收入和时间３个指标探索农户生计结构特征,并基于农户就业主导行为及其 地域差异,对农户县域外非农就业、农户县域内非农就业、农户兼业和农户农业生产４种类 型进行了测算分析,以期准确识别农户生计分化的特征与趋势.结果显示:县城近郊农户生 计非农化突出,农户多选择县域内非农就业,农户非农就业和时间投入与收入结构比例一 致;远郊传统农区农户自主非农化发展趋势明显,农户多选择县域外非农就业,农户生计分 化行为与传统农区经济结构环境不一致;兼业农户非农化就业不稳定,但农户非农化就业的 倾向明显;农业生产农户多选择种植经济作物作为农业收入的来源,形成了不同特色的经济 作物种植区,农户开展规模化农业生产的潜力大.提出政府应根据不同类型农户生计分化 特征及其所表现出来的发展趋势,作出针对性的政策安排.
Based on participatory rural appraisal from 16 typical villages of Yishui County in Shandong province, this paper selects three indicators such as employment of farmers, income and time to explore farmer’s livelihood structure. According to the dominant behavior of rural household employment and its regional differences, this paper analyzes the following four types of livelihood activities of rural households: non agricultural employment outside the county, nonagricultural employment inside the county, part time employment inside the county and agricultural production in order to quantify the rural household livelihood differentiation level. The result shows that firstly,suburb rural households hold the highest non-agricultural level, in which most rural households labor have chosen non-agricultural employment inside the county areas, and the proportion of the rural nonagricultural labor concurs with the proportion of the rural non-agricultural income and non-agricultural time. Secondly, suburban rural households show a remarkable tendency of non-agricultural employment autonomously, most rural households have chosen non-agricultural employment outside the county areas, and the livelihood activities of rural households are out of accord with economic structure environment in traditional agricultural regions. Thirdly, the part-time rural households non-agricultural employment were unstable, but the tendency of nonagricultural employment were outstanding. Fourthly, an overwhelming majority of rural households of agricultural production have chosen to plant economic crops as the source of agricultural income, and formed a different economic crop planting area, and this regional rural households have substantial possibilities for large scale agricultural production. Therefore, governments should take the targeted policy arrangements for different rural households types according to the characteristics of rural household differentiation and its development trend.