孔雀草的开花特性与繁育系统
Flowering characteristics and breeding system of Tagetes patula

于室外观测孔雀草(Tagetes patula)花部形态、开花动态，同时测定花粉活力、柱头可授性、传粉方式、杂交指数、花粉／胚珠比及授粉和套袋效果，对孔雀草的繁育系统进行研究。结果显示：孔雀草花序是具有雌性舌状花和两性管状花的异型头状花序，单个花序的开花持续时间为20～22 d，开花结果过程可大致分为舌状花开放期、管状花开放期、果实发育期和果实成熟期；开花后花粉寿命为2～3 d，1～2 d内花粉活力最高；舌状花开花第2～5天可授性最高，管状花开花第4～5天可授性最高;传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主，授粉昆虫的主要类型为蜜蜂和白粉蝶;结合杂交指数、P/O 值、杂交试验结果判断，孔雀草的繁育系统属于异交、需要传粉者，且能借助柱头伸长过程中散布的花粉进行同花序自花授粉。
The morphologies of flower organs,flowering dynamics,pollen viability,stigma receptivity,pollination methods,out-crossing index,pollen-ovule ratio,pollination and bagging effects were investigated with observation in the outside to determine the breeding system of Tagetes patula.The results showed that heterotypic inflorescence of Tagetes patula was composed of female ray florets and bisexual disk florets.The flowering duration of a single inflorescence was 20-22 d.The flowering process of the inflorescence was classified into four stages including flowering of ray florets,flowering of disk florets,development of achene and maturity of achene.Pollen vitality only sustained 2-3 days after flowering,with the maximum values within the first and second days.The highest stigma receptivity of ray florets was kept from the second day to the fifth day after flowering,while that of the disk florets was kept from the forth day to the fifth day.Insect pollination was the major pollination method and bees and butterflies were the main insects.The combination of the out-crossing index,pollen-ovule ratio and hybridization experiment showed that the breeding system of Tagetes patula was belonged to cross pollination system and pollinators were required.The self-pollination could occur in same inflorescence via the spreading of pollens during the process of stigma elongation.