西汉天命神学和儒学的选择及融合
The Selection and Convergence of Divine Theology and Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty

摘要 董仲舒从天人感应论出发，论证了统摄一切的至上神“天”以“灾异谴告”和应瑞感诚而降“受命之符”表达天命意志，对传统天命观进行了具象化改造：一方面，把上天符瑞降祥的征兆表达变成了人的终极盼望与期待，突破了传统天命观于人而言抽象玄虚且无可感的理论界限；另一方面，把人对天符瑞降祥的盼望与期待又变成个体或者群体道德行为的实施动力，在实践层面上又回到了先秦儒家“以德配天”的德性路径。“受命之符”提示了君王使命的神圣性，敦促了为君者“法天之行”、“除民所苦”的社会责任之践履；他提出的“兴太学，置明师”等文化主张被汉武帝采纳，并以国家统一意识形态方式予以推广传播。董仲舒以外在宗教形式行儒家义理事项，承儒家实践精神之精髓，故依然是“儒者宗”。
Abstract：Based on the theory of the interactions between heaven and mankind， Dong Zhongshu demonstrated that the supreme divinity who govern all express his will by giving “warning of disaster” and presenting “receiving symbol of destiny” from heaven， substantiated and corroborated the conventional ideology of mandate of heaven： On one hand， the omen expression of symbol of destiny from heaven has been made the ultimate hope and expectation of mankind， and which breaks through the theoretical boundaries of the conventional ideology of mandate of heaven which has been known as abstract、mysterious and insensible to mankind； On the other hand， the hope and expectation of mankind wishing to receive symbol of destiny from heaven have been transformed to the driving force of individual’s or group’s moral behavior， and which returned to the moral governance path in pre-Qin Confucianism. The symbol of destiny shows the sanctity of the monarch’s mission， urges the monarch to fulfill their social responsibility by practicing natural law and eliminating people’s suffering； The cultural proposals such as “developing schools and cultivating sages” proposed by Dong Zhongshu were adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty， and were promoted and popularized as national unified ideology. Dong Zhongshu implemented Confucian doctrines in religious form， inherited the practical essence of Confucian spirit， so he is still a Confucian.