善恶自由论
Good Freedom and Bad Freedom

摘要 有虑于正确的自由定义与正确的自由理论实际上是互为前提的关系，以及以往人们言说自由时所遭遇的诸多难题，本文将自由定义为活动者自主自愿做或不做某事而免受阻限的状况。由此定义出发可知：自由的绝对性和相对性是可以得到统一的；自由共由三种要素构成，其主体只能是人；自由起始于有了真正创造物的早期智人时期；主观自主自愿和客观免受阻限是自由的内外必要条件；意识自由和行为自由分属内外自由；自由也可作自然自由和社会自由的分类；自由既有专门的也有整体的；自由可以度量并有进步和退步的表现；积极自由应是自主自愿做某事而免受阻限的状况，消极自由应是自主自愿不做某事而免受阻限的状况。总之自由属于人的活动状况，是事实概念。不过由于这种状况最有利于人满足自己的需求，就由事实变成了价值，成为人希望长期拥有的权利。如果世界只是一人世界，人拥有自由的结果就只是利。而在多人世界中，每个人拥有自由出现了损人利己的可能，于是自由又有了善自由与恶自由之分。由于允许恶自由的结果是谁也不自由，允许善自由才互不妨碍，因而善自由才是真正的自由，值得追求，而恶自由则是虚假的自由，应予禁绝。禁绝恶自由主要靠包括法律在内的社会制度，因而制度并不一概是自由的敌人。既然只有善自由才值得追求，那自由的人就是拥有善自由权的人，自由的国家就是让所有成员都拥有善自由权的国家。在自由的人与自由的国家之间，前者是目的后者是手段，因之成为自由的人，乃是自由的要旨。
Abstract：In view of the logical relationship between a proper definition of freedom and an adequate theory of freedom， that is， they are interoperable， and in order to solve various problems encountered in existing discourses concerning freedom， this paper defines freedom as follows： actor independently and voluntarily does or avoids doing someting， not interfered by anyone else. Thus freedom is a description of the property of human action； it is a notion about facts. And since free actions satisfy one best，so facts turn into values，and everyone wants to keep the right of freedom for ever. If the world were a one-man world， to hold the right of freedom would mean pure benefits. But in the real many-men world， to hold the right of freedom for everyone may result in interest conflicts， and this person’s gain may be that person’s loss. So we can distinguish good freedom from bad freedom. Bad freedom necessarily results in everyone’s unfreedom， and on the other hand， good freedom allows everyone running parallel. Therefore，only good freedom is true freedom， worthy our pursuing； bad freedom is fake freedom， and should be prohibited. For only good freedom is worth pursuing， free citizen would mean the citizen that has a right of good freedom， and free state would mean the state that recognizes the right of good freedom of all the national citizens. Free citizen is the end and free state is a mere means.