从标语管窥中国社会抗争的话语体系与话语逻辑：基于环保和征地事件的综合分析
The Discourse System and Discourse Logic of China’s Social Contention:Based on a Meta-Analysis of Slogans from Environmental and Land Requisition Protests

摘要 本文以环保和征地这两类最典型群体性事件中的标语为切入点，管窥中国文化图景下社会抗争的话语体系与话语逻辑。通过对15起环保事件与7起征地事件中143条标语的综合分析发现，扎根于中国文化土壤的行动者往往会从“家/己”的核心诉求出发，通过话语建构，沿着“空间-时间”和“我们-他们”这两个坐标轴所建立的差序格局，由内而外、推己及人、依次扩张，将小部分人的个体抗争发展成社会大众的共同使命，完成共识动员、行动动员和社会动员。与话语体系相伴的是行动者在退出、荫蔽、呼吁、效忠等不同话语地带之间游走的内在逻辑。因无路可退而走出荫蔽、在集体呼吁的同时表达“效忠式反对”，这样一个动态平衡过程使得中国的抗争性话语异常丰富多样。
Focusing on slogans from environmental and land requisition protests (i.e., the two most typical massive incidents), the current study attempts to explore the discourse system and discourse logic of China’s social contention from a broad cultural background. Based on a meta-analysis of 143 slogans from 15 environmental protests and 7 land requisition protests, it concludes that actors rooted in China’s traditional cultures would employ “family/self” as the starting point, and follow the hierarchical order which built by the two dimensions of “time vs. space” and “us vs. them” to construct discourses, and expand them gradually from interior to exterior and from self to others, so as to transform the individual contention of a small group to a collective mission of all citizens and fulfill the tasks of consensus mobilization, action mobilization, and social mobilization. At the same time, actors also follow the logic of walking strategically across the discourse boundaries of exit, shadow, voice and loyalty. As there’s no way to exit, people must stand out from the shadow and make collective voice as well as “loyalopposition”. Such a dynamically balancing process results in the extraordinary rich and diversified contentious discourses in China