“国家”的位置：“远处的苦难”、 “国家”与中国网民的“同情”话语
The location of “nation”: “Distant suffering”, “nation” and discourse of “compassion” of Chinese netizen

摘要 传播技术的发展将“我们”与“远处的苦难”连接在一起。媒介化的他国“苦难” 促发的“全球同情”被认为有可能超越民族国家的边界，促进世界主义的伦理和建构世 界公民的身份认同。但现有的研究对于“国家”与公众“同情”之关系的讨论尚比较缺 乏。本文以日本地震和叙利亚难民事件为案例探讨在“观看”他国苦难的时候，中国网 民的“同情”/拒绝“同情”的话语是如何构成的，“国家”在这些话语中处于什么位 置。本研究发现，面对他国的“苦难”，形成了关于“普遍人性”话语与“国家”话语 之间的争论。中国网民形成了多个层次（layers）的“同情”话语，不同层次的“同情” 之间既可以产生冲突，也可以“携手并进”。国家记忆、苦难的“政治化”和“去道德 化”、将他者的“非人化”等都塑造了网民的“同情”/拒绝“同情”的话语。媒介化的 他国苦难并不是简单地促进世界主义或者强化国家身份认同，在这种二元的范畴内，更 多的是“国家”认同的动态协商和反思性重构。
The development of communication technology has connected “we” with “distant suffering”. Global compassion aroused by mediated suffering is always thought to transcend national borders and promote cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan identity. But the relation between “nation” and public compassion is still lack of academic concerns. This paper tries to discuss the constitution of the discourse of “compassion” and “turn compassion away” of Chinese netizen and the location of “nation”, with two cases of Japan and Syria. There has been a controversy between “general human” and “nation” in the discourse of netizens’ compassion. A discourse of multilayer compassion has been formed. There could be con?ict and also coexistence among different layers. National memory, de-politicized of suffering and dehumanization of sufferers all shaped the discourse of compassion and “turn compassion away” of Chinese netizen. The mediated “distant suffering” does not simply promote cosmopolitanism or strengthen the national identity, but has created a dynamic process of reframing of national identity