不同耕作方式下雨养冬小麦产量和水分利用
Yield and Water Use Research of Rain-fed Winter Wheat under Different Tillage Practices

在华北地下水严重超采区发展旱作雨养农业对缓解该地区农业用水压力有重大意义。为筛选适宜在华北地区种植的旱作冬小麦品种，探索配套的耕作技术，在中国农业大学吴桥实验站开展一项为期2 a的试验。田间试验采用裂区试验设计，主区为耕作处理，包括旋耕秸秆还田（RTS）和免耕秸秆还田（NTS），副区为8个冬小麦品种。结果表明：不同耕作措施对冬小麦产量有明显影响，RTS处理较NTS提高冬小麦生物产量和经济产量，同时提高拔节期、孕穗期等关键生育时期的叶面积指数。NTS有利于收获指数提高，其中‘烟农19’在NTS下分别达到0.36和0.39；NTS明显降低冬小麦的耗水量，最低值可达到378.21 mm。不同冬小麦品种水分利用效率对2种耕作方式响应并不一致，‘农大399’‘烟农19’和‘鲁原502’在RTS下表现较好，而‘鲁麦21’和‘青麦6’则在NTS下表现较好；冬小麦品种间产量差异显著，其中‘农大399’‘烟农19’和‘鲁原502’产量表现相对突出，在不同耕作方式和不同降水年份间表现较为一致，其经济产量分别达到6 036.35、6 369.68和5 902.95 kg·hm-2。综上，NTS有利于耗水量的减少，不同品种在不同耕作方式下的水分利用效率表现不一致。因此，在华北半干旱地区，NTS下‘鲁麦21’‘山农29’‘农大399’等品种和RTS下‘济麦22’‘汶农14’和‘青麦6’品种具有较好的水分适应性。
The development of rain-fed agriculture in the North China plain is of great significance to alleviate the pressure of agricultural water.In order to screen winter wheat varieties suitable for planting in the rain-fed area of the North China plain and explore the matched tillage practices,we carried out a two-year experiment at Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in this study.The field experiment was designed with crack area test,and the main plot was tillage practice,including rotary tillage with residue retention(RTS) and no-till with residue retention(NTS),and the split-plot had 8 winter wheat varieties.The results showed that different tillage practices had significant effect on winter wheat yield,and RTS improved the biomass yield and grain yield of winter wheat compared with NTS.The leaf area index during the key reproductive period such as jointing and booting stage was also improved at the same time.NTS was beneficial to the harvest index,among which,the harvest index of ‘Yannong 19’ reached 0.36 and 0.39,respectively; NTS significantly reduced the water consumption of winter wheat,the lowest value reached 378.21 mm.The response of the water use efficiency of different winter wheat varieties to tillage practices was not consistent.‘Nongda 399’,‘Yannong 19’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ performed better under RTS,while ‘Lumai 21’ and ‘Qingmai 6’ performed better under NTS.Among all winter wheat varieties,the water use efficiency of ‘Yannong 19’ was the best and the difference between years was small,and it had better water adaptability.The yield difference between winter wheat varieties was significant,among which the yield of ‘Nongda 399’,‘Yannong 19’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ were relatively obvious and fairly consistent across different tillage practices and precipitation years,the maximum grain yield reached 6 036.35,6 369.68 and 5 902.95 kg·hm-2,respectively.In conclusion,NTS is beneficial to the decrease of water consumption,and the