几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响
Influence of Different Mulchings on Soil Nutrients,Enzyme Activity and Tree Growth in Non-irrigation Apple Orchard

连续3 a对乔化‘红富士’苹果进行园艺地布、粉碎秸秆、黑色地膜3种覆盖处理，以树盘清耕为对照，研究不同覆盖方式对树体生长量、叶片叶绿素总量、百叶质量、土壤速效磷、土壤速效钾、土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及酶活性的影响。结果表明，3种覆盖处理均能提高土壤速效养分、有机质及酶活性，尤以秸秆覆盖最显著；同时，3种覆盖方式对树体生长量、叶片叶绿素及百叶质量的提高明显高于对照，且地布覆盖>秸秆覆盖>地膜覆盖>对照。覆盖对土壤养分及酶活性的影响主要表现在0～20 cm表层土壤。并且随着土层的加深土壤养分及酶活性都降低,有机质与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶极显著相关。说明：果园覆盖提高土壤速效养分质量分数、有机质质量分数和酶活性，进而改善土壤环境；并且覆盖提高树体生长量、叶片叶绿素总量及百叶质量，从而促进树体生长。可见果园覆盖是生产上有效的农艺增产措施。
This test used polypropylene film mulching，straw mulching and plastic film mulching in standard Fuji apple tree for three years as treatments,and used clean tillage of tree plate as control group to study the effects of different kinds of mulching on tree growth,total chlorophyll,hundred leaf weight ,soil nutrients （available P， available K，nitrate-N and ammonium-N ）and enzyme activities. The treatments of three mulchings,especially the straw mulching can improve readily available nutrient of soil,organic matter and enzyme activities; and the growth of trees,total chlorophyll and hundred leaf mass of three different mulching managements were higher than that of control group. Among the three treatments,polypropylene film mulching was the highest and plastic film mulching was the lowest. Mulching had a high influence on soil nutrient and enzyme activity in 0-20 cm of surface soil. With the depth of the soil increases,the soil nutrients and enzyme activity were reduced. There were significant correlations between the organic matter and catalase,urease and invertase.In conclusion,orchard coverage increased the mass fraction of available soil nutrient content,organic matter and enzyme activity,thus improved the soil environment. By improving the growth of trees,total chlorophyll and hundred leaf mass,orchard mulching promoted the growth of tree.Orchard mulching might be an effective agronomic measure which can increase production.