大学学术发展中的“国家能力”：表现、限度与 释放
State Capacity in the Development of University Academic: Performance, Limitation and Release

国家能力是指为实现国家职能规范的目标和任务，国家 所具有的保证其政策和意志的有效性，维持自身的稳定和存在， 高效治理社会的能量和力量的总和。大学学术发展中的“国家能 力”指国家为实现高等教育目标所实施的学术政策并保证其贯彻 执行的能力。以多样性与精细性为代表性特征的学术政策体现了 大学学术发展中国家能力“无所不包”、“细致入微”的特性。因 为学术政策“太多”，所以大学内部呈现出一片“繁忙”的景象； 因为“太细”，所以大学及其教师被绑定、束缚在某些“链条”之 中。而这一切都有悖于大学学术发展的内在机理。补偿性与荣誉 性的学术政策是国家治理大学学术能力的最高限度，国家能力向 大学“流失”与“释放”是提升国家治理大学学术能力的最优选 择。如此，方能体现国家对于大学的宽阔胸怀，才能真正体现国 家在大学学术发展中的能力，从而有利于大学学术发展的生命活 力与长久永恒。
State capacity refers to a state’s capacities to guarantee the validity of its policies and volition, to maintain its stable and efficient governance, and to govern society efficiently. The “state capability” in university academic development refers to the ability of a state to ensure academic policies being implemented. The academic policies with diversity and precision reflect “all inclusive” and “nuanced” characteristics of university academic development. Because the academic policies are too many, university has a “busy” phenomenon. And due to the academic policies being “too detailed”, the university and teachers are bounded in some “chains”. And all these are contrary to the internal mechanism of university academic development. Compensatory and honorary academic policies are the highest degree of national academic governance capacity. The "loss" and "release" of capacity from state to the university is the best choice to enhance national academic governance capacity. So, it can reflect the national broad mind for university and the state capacity in the university academic development, which is conducive to the dynamic and long-term development of university academic.