以教学为中心：美国文理学院的教师招聘机制分析 　　　——以麦卡莱斯特学院为例
teaching centered; faculty; faculty hiring mechanism; Liberal Arts College；Macalester College

美国文理学院以重视本科教学著称，并以卓越本科教 学闻名。对麦卡莱斯特学院教师招聘理念、制度、方法及过 程的研究表明，文理学院在教师招聘环节中，深刻体现了以 教学为中心的特点。具体表现为：明确学校办学定位，科学论 证岗位需求；招聘条件清晰具体，重点考察教学能力；招聘过 程中学术权力和行政权力保持互动，学术权力占主导地位；发 挥同行评价作用，让教师选择教师；邀请学生参与招聘，听取 学生的反馈意见；充分体现人文关怀，强调组织文化认同。当 然，这种招聘机制也存在耗费时间长、人力资源投入大、招聘 成本高等不足。文理学院的教师招聘机制和面试过程，并非 独立存在的，它在学校办学理念的引领下，与完善的聘后管 理和一系列配套措施共同发挥作用。
Talents cultivation is the most fundamental function of higher education institutions, and teaching is the most important way to cultivate talents. Therefore, the priority should be put on teaching in universities compared with other activities. To realize the idea of “teaching centered”, it is necessary to establish a series of system and to hire “the right people”, which refers to academically qualified faculty who not only love teaching but also are good at teaching, as well as respect teaching. Based on field research, interview and participated observation in Macalester College, a typical liberal arts college in the U.S.A, it is argued that, in order to hire the right faculty, the university needs to clarify its educational mission and orientation, and plan the faculty position accordingly. When hiring new faculty, teaching ability should be assessed first. Faculty as professionals should play an important role in faculty hiring process. Students are suggested to participate in faculty hiring process since they are the most important stakeholders in universities. Care and respect to the candidates in the hiring process is necessary so that the organizational culture could be more easily recognized.