清末科举：实践背离严密制度的困局——以一个应会试的书院老师的视角
Imperial Civil Service Examination in the Late Qing Dynasty:A Dilemma Resulted from Flexible Implementation and Contradiction to the Rigid System——From the Perspective of a Juren

丁治棠曾经求学于成都锦江书院，先后任四川尊经书院分教，合州瑞山、合宗两书院山长。丁治棠虽然在经学方面较有建树，但他仍然热衷于科举功名，三次赴京参加会试。他以日记的形式记录了自己参加光绪十五年（1889年）己丑科会试的全过程，所记科举实施情况与清代统治者规定的科举制度有比较明显的差距，有的实施环节甚至完全背离了科举严密的制度。这使得晚清科举陷入到既法达到统治者的预期值，亦法吸引读书人积极应试的困境之中。而清末统治者既力，也心重整科举，因此其走向停废似乎就是必然的结局了。
Ding Zhitang, who ever studied in Jinjiang Academy in Sichuan, was assigned as the Shan Zhang of Zunjing Academy in Sichuan, Ruishan Academy and Hezong Academy in Hezhou. Despite the great contribution of Ding Zhitang to the study of Confucian classics, he was still enthusiastic about Keju, the civil service examination in ancient China. He went to Beijing three times to attend examinations and recorded in his diary the whole process of participating in Jichou examination in the 15th year of Guangxu Emperor(1889).What he recorded showed relatively obvious differences from the written rulers of the civil service examination made by the Qing Dynasty, some aspects of the implementation even contradicted completely to the system of civil service examination, which made civil service examinations fall into a dilemma in the late Qing Dynasty, when the result of the civil service examination failed to achieve the expectation of the ruler, nor did it attract students to attend the examination. The ruler at the end of the Qing Dynasty had no ability or attempts to reform the civil service examination. Therefore, termination and abolishment of the examination seemed to the inevitable ending.