骨小梁微结构是决定骨强度及其生理功能的重要因素，而普通 X 线与计算机断层扫描（CT）检查不能精确反映骨小梁的真实微结构。高分辨率外周定量计算机断层扫描（HR-pQCT）是近年来新兴的一项影像学检测技术，能够定性、定量测量体内骨小梁三维微结构和体积骨矿物质密度，具有极高的精度和相对低剂量的辐射。这种新型成像工具有利于我们更加深入地认识骨小梁微结构，利用 HR-pQCT 数据进行有限元分析建模计算，能够准确预测骨强度，结合三维重建图像及骨小梁微结构参数还能够评估骨质疏松和骨折风险。在本综述中，我们总结了 HR-pQCT 的技术流程、数据参数及其临床应用等内容，以期为 HR-pQCT 的普及和广泛应用提供一定参考
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