1. Thompson HC 3rd, Garcia A. Myositis ossificans:aftermath of elbow injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1967, (50):129-134.
[2]
2. Keschner MT, Paksima N. The stiff elbow. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis, 2007, 65(1):24-28.
[3]
53. Brinsden MD, Carr AJ, Rees JL. Post-traumatic flexion contractures of the elbow:Operative treatment via the limited lateral approach. J Orthop Surg Res, 2008, 3:39.
[4]
62. Baldwin K, Hosalkar HS, Donegan DJ, et al. Surgical resection of heterotopic bone about the elbow:an institutional experience with traumatic and neurologic etiologies. J Hand Surg (Am), 2011, 36(5):798-803.
[5]
66. Veltman ES, Lindenhovius AL, Kloen P. Improvements in elbow motion after resection of heterotopic bone:a systematic review. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2014, 9(2):65-71.
[6]
67. Salazar D, Golz A, Israel H, et al. Heterotopic ossification of the elbow treated with surgical resection:risk factors, bony ankylosis, and complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(7):2269-2275.
[7]
70. Voloshin I, Schippert DW, Kakar S, et al. Complications of total elbow replacement:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2011, 20(1):158-168.
[8]
72. Viola RW, Hastings H 2nd. Treatment of ectopic ossification about the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, (370):65-86.
[9]
5. Kaplan FS, Glaser DL, Hebela N, et al. Heterotopic ossification. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2004, 12(2):116-125.
[10]
6. Wozney JM. The bone morphogenetic protein family:multifunctional cellular regulators in the embryo and adult. Eur J Oral Sci, 1998, 106 Suppl 1:160-166.
[11]
8. Chauveau C, Devedjian JC, Blary MC, et al. Gene expression in human osteoblastic cells from normal and heterotopic ossification. Exp Mol Pathol, 2004, 76(1):37-43.
[12]
12. Potter BK, Forsberg JA, Davis TA, et al. Heterotopic ossification following combat-related trauma. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2010, 92 Suppl 2:74-89.
[13]
13. Salisbury E, Rodenberg E, Sonnet C, et al. Sensory nerve induced inflammation contributes to heterotopic ossification. J Cell Biochem, 2011, 112(10):2748-2758.
[14]
15. Forsberg JA, Potter BK, Polfer EM, et al. Do inflammatory markers portend heterotopic ossification and wound failure in combat wounds? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2014, 472(9):2845-2854.
[15]
17. Shimono K, Tung WE, Macolino C, et al. Potent inhibition of heterotopic ossification by nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ agonists. Nat Med, 2011, 17(4):454-460.
[16]
26. Lavernia CJ, Contreras JS, Villa JM, et al. Celecoxib and heterotopic bone formation after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(2):390-392.
[17]
27. Tsailas PG, Babis GC, Nikolopoulos K, et al. The effectiveness of two COX-2 inhibitors in the prophylaxis against heterotopic new bone formation:an experimental study in rabbits. J Surg Res, 2009, 151(1):108-114.
[18]
30. Balboni TA, Gobezie R, Mamon HJ. Heterotopic ossification:pathophysiology, clinical features, and the role of radiotherapy for prophylaxis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2006, 65(5):1289-1299.
[19]
32. Nasr E, Nehme R, Ghanem I, et al. Role of radiotherapy in heterotopic ossification. Cancer Radiother, 2009, 13(1):42-46.
[20]
35. Sell S, Willms R, Jany R, et al. The suppression of heterotopic ossifications:radiation versus NSAID therapy-a prospective study. J Arthroplasty, 1998, 13(8):854-859.
[21]
36. Hamid N, Ashraf N, Bosse MJ, et al. Radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis acutely after elbow trauma:a prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2010, 92(11):2032-2038.
[22]
37. Ploumis A, Belbasis L, Ntzani E, et al. Radiotherapy for prevention of heterotopic ossification of the elbow:a systematic review of the literature. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(11):1580-1588.
[23]
38. Sheybani A, TenNapel MJ, Lack WD, et al. Risk of radiation-induced malignancy with heterotopic ossification prophylaxis:a case-control analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2014, 89(3):584-589.
[24]
39. Burnet NG, Nasr P, Yip G, et al. Prophylactic radiotherapy against heterotopic ossification following internal fixation of acetabular fractures:a comparative estimate of risk. Br J Radiol, 2014, 87(1042):20140398.
58. Lindenhovius AL, Linzel DS, Doornberg JN, et al. Comparison of elbow contracture release in elbows with and without heterotopic ossification restricting motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2007, 16(5):621-625.
[29]
61. Akman S, S？nmez MM, Ertürer RE, et al. The results of surgical treatment for posttraumatic heterotopic ossification and ankylosis of the elbow. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2010, 44(3):206-211.
3. Tannous O, Stall AC, Griffith C, et al. Heterotopic bone formation about the hip undergoes endochondral ossification:a rabbit model. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2013, 471(5):1584-1592.
[32]
4. Isaacson BM, Brown AA, Brunker LB, et al. Clarifying the structure and bone mineral content of heterotopic ossification. J Surg Res, 2011, 167(2):e163-170.
[33]
7. Shore EM, Xu M, Feldman GJ, et al. A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive. Nat Genet, 2006, 38(5):525-527.
[34]
9. Rodenberg E, Azhdarinia A, Lazard ZW, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a diagnostic marker of heterotopic ossification in a murine model. Tissue Eng Part A, 2011, 17(19-20):2487-2496.
[35]
10. Lounev VY, Ramachandran R, Wosczyna MN, et al. Identification of progenitor cells that contribute to heterotopic skeletogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2009, 91(3):652-663.
[36]
11. Hannallah D, Peng H, Young B, et al. Retroviral delivery of Noggin inhibits the formation of heterotopic ossification induced by BMP-4, demineralized bone matrix, and trauma in an animal model. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2004, 86-A(1):80-91.
[37]
14. Evans KN, Forsberg JA, Potter BK, et al. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression is associated with heterotopic ossification in high-energy penetrating war injuries. J Orthop Trauma, 2012, 26(11):e204-e213.
[38]
16. Macfarlane RJ, Ng BH, Gamie Z, et al. Pharmacological treatment of heterotopic ossification following hip and acetabular surgery. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2008, 9(5):767-786.
[39]
18. Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Derailing heterotopic ossification and RARing to go. Nat Med, 2011, 17(4):420-421.
[40]
19. Zimmermann SM, Würgler-Hauri CC, Wanner GA, et al. Echinomycin in the prevention of heterotopic ossification-an experimental antibiotic agent shows promising results in a murine model. Injury, 2013, 44(4):570-575.
[41]
20. Fransen M, Neal B. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for preventing heterotopic bone formation after hip arthroplasty. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (3):CD001160.
[42]
21. Sagi HC, Jordan CJ, Barei DP, et al. Indomethacin prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification after acetabular fracture surgery increases the risk for nonunion of the posterior wall. J Orthop Trauma, 2014, 28(7):377-383.
[43]
22. Haran M, Bhuta T, Lee BS. Pharmacological interventions for treating acute heterotopic ossification. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (4):CD003321.
[44]
23. Vasileiadis GI, Sakellariou VI, Kelekis A, et al. Prevention of heterotopic ossification in cases of hypertrophic osteoarthritis submitted to total hip arthroplasty. Etidronate or Indomethacin? J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2010, 10(2):159-165.
[45]
24. Mamdani M, Rochon PA, Juurlink DN, et al. Observational study of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in elderly patients given selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ, 2002, 325(7365):624.
[46]
25. Matsumura J. Considerations in the use of COX-2 inhibitors in spinal fusion surgery. Anesth Analg, 2001, 93(3):803-804.
[47]
28. Pavlou G, Kyrkos M, Tsialogiannis E, et al. Pharmacological treatment of heterotopic ossification following hip surgery:an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2012, 13(5):619-622.
[48]
29. Coventry MB, Scanlon PW. The use of radiation to discourage ectopic bone. A nine-year study in surgery about the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 1981, 63(2):201-208.
[49]
31. Mishra MV, Austin L, Parvizi J, et al. Safety and efficacy of radiation therapy as secondary prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification of non-hip joints. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2011, 55(3):333-336.
[50]
33. Heyd R, Buhleier T, Zamboglou N. Radiation therapy for prevention of heterotopic ossification about the elbow. Strahlenther Onkol, 2009, 185(8):506-511.
[51]
34. Strauss JB, Wysocki RW, Shah A, et al. Radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis afer high-risk elbow surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 2011, 40(8):400-405.
47. Chen NC, Julka A. Hinged external fixation of the elbow. Hand Clin, 2010, 26(3):423-433, vii.
[57]
48. Feranec M, Hart R, Kozák T. Hinged external fixation in orthopaedic and trauma surgery of the elbow. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2013, 80(6):391-395.
[58]
49. Mohan K. Myositis ossificans traumatica of the elbow. Int Surg, 1972, 57(6):475-478.
51. Garland DE. A clinical perspective on common forms of acquired heterotopic ossification. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1991, (263):13-29.
[61]
52. Wada T, Ishii S, Usui M, et al. The medial approach for operative release of post-traumatic contracture of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2000, 82(1):68-73.
[62]
54. Schorn D, Steinbeck J. Results of open arthrolysis for extrinsic elbow stiffness via radial access. Indications and limits of the procedure. Orthopade, 2011, 40(4):303-306.
[63]
55. Aldridge JM 3rd, Atkins TA, Gunneson EE, et al. Anterior release of the elbow for extension loss. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2004, 86-A(9):1955-1960.
[64]
56. Hart R, Jane？ek M, Kozák T, et al. Posterior extensile approach to release a post-traumatic stiffness of the elbow. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech, 2011, 78(2):114-119.
[65]
57. Forthman CL, Jupiter JB. Surgical approach to the posttraumatic stiff elbow. Tech Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2004, 5(4):219-230.
[66]
59. Park MJ, Chang MJ, Lee YB, et al. Surgical release for posttraumatic loss of elbow flexion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2010, 92(16):2692-2699.
[67]
60. Brouwer KM, Lindenhovius AL, de Witte PB, et al. Resection of heterotopic ossification of the elbow:a comparison of ankylosis and partial restriction. J Hand Surg (Am), 2010, 35(7):1115-1119.
[68]
64. Koh KH, Lim TK, Lee HI, et al. Surgical treatment of elbow stiffness caused by post-traumatic heterotopic ossification. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(8):1128-1134.
[69]
65. Lee EK, Namdari S, Hosalkar HS, et al. Clinical results of the excision of heterotopic bone around the elbow:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(5):716-722.
[70]
68. Busilacchi A, Bottegoni C, Gigante A. Arthroscopic management of heterotopic ossification of the subscapularis tendon in a patient with tuberculosis:a case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2012, 21(1):e1-5.
[71]
69. Ong C, Hall M, Youm T. Surgical technique:arthroscopic treatment of heterotopic ossification of the hip after prior hip arthroscopy. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2013, 471(4):1277-1282.
[72]
71. Casavant AM, Hastings H 2nd. Heterotopic ossification about the elbow:a therapist's guide to evaluation and management. J Hand Ther, 2006, 19(2):255-266.
