12. Ouyang Y, Wang Y, Li F, et al. Open release and a hinged external fixator for the treatment of elbow stiffness in young patients. Orthopedics, 2012, 35(9):e1365-1370.
19. Morrey BF, An KN. Stability of the elbow:osseous constraints. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2005, 14(1 Suppl S):174S-178S.
[5]
20. Morrey BF, Tanaka S, An KN. Valgus stability of the elbow. A definition of primary and secondary constraints. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1991, (265):187-195.
[6]
23. Tan V, Daluiski A, Simic P, et al. Outcome of open release for posttraumatic elbow stiffness. J Trauma, 2006, 61(3):673-678.
[7]
26. Ring D, Hotchkiss RN, Guss D, et al. Hinged elbow external fixation for severe elbow contracture. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(6):1293-1296.
[8]
27. Morrey BF. Ligament injury and the use of hinged external fixators at the elbow. Instr Course Lect, 2012, 61:215-225.
40. Strauss JB, Wysocki RW, Shah A, et al. Radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis afer high-risk elbow surgery. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ), 2011, 40(8):400-405.
[11]
43. Yan H, He J, Chen S, et al. Intrawound application of vancomycin reduces wound infection after open release of post-traumatic stiff elbows:a retrospective comparative study. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2014, 23(5):686-692.
[12]
45. Issack PS, Egol KA. Posttraumatic contracture of the elbow:current management issues. Bull Hosp Jt Dis, 2006, 63(3-4):129-136.
[13]
2. Morrey BF. Post-traumatic contracture of the elbow. Operative treatment, including distraction arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1990, 72(4):601-618.
[14]
3. Higgs ZC, Danks BA, Sibinski M, et al. Outcomes of open arthrolysis of the elbow without post-operative passive stretching. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2012, 94(3):348-352.
[15]
6. Nakano K, Murata K, Omokawa S, et al. Dynamic analysis of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel using ultrasonography. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2014, 23(7):933-937.
[16]
8. Robertson C, Saratsiotis J. A review of compressive ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2005, 28(5):345.
[17]
9. Williams BG, Sotereanos DG, Baratz ME, et al. The contracted elbow:is ulnar nerve release necessary? J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2012, 21(12):1632-1636.
[18]
30. Lee EK, Namdari S, Hosalkar HS, et al. Clinical results of the excision of heterotopic bone around the elbow:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(5):716-722.
[19]
31. Lindenhovius AL, Linzel DS, Doornberg JN, et al. Comparison of elbow contracture release in elbows with and without heterotopic ossification restricting motion. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2007, 16(5):621-625.
[20]
33. Ilahi OA, Strausser DW, Gabel GT. Post-traumatic heterotopic ossification about the elbow. Orthopedics, 1998, 21(3):265-268.
[21]
10. Park MJ, Chang MJ, Lee YB, et al. Surgical release for posttraumatic loss of elbow flexion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2010, 92(16):2692-2699.
[22]
13. Liu S, Liu JJ, Li XJ, et al. Open arthrolysis and prosthetic replacement of the radial head for elbow stiffness associated with rotation limitation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(2):275-279.
[23]
14. Ouyang Y, Liao Y, Liu Z, et al. Hinged external fixator and open surgery for severe elbow stiffness with distal humeral nonunion. Orthopedics, 2013, 36(2):e186-192.
[24]
15. Ruan HJ, Liu S, Fan CY, et al. Open arthrolysis and hinged external fixation for posttraumatic ankylosed elbows. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2013, 133(2):179-185.
[25]
16. Wang W, Liu JJ, Liu S, et al. Arthrolysis combined with reconstruction for treatment of terrible triad injury with a poor outcome after surgical as well as conservative intervention. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2014, 134(3):325-331.
[26]
18. Morrey BF, An KN. Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint. Am J Sports Med, 1983, 11(5):315-319.
[27]
21. An KN, Hui FC, Morrey BF, et al. Muscles across the elbow joint:a biomechanical analysis. J Biomech, 1981, 14(10):659-669.
[28]
22. Kulkarni GS, Kulkarni VS, Shyam AK, et al. Management of severe extra-articular contracture of the elbow by open arthrolysis and a monolateral hinged external fixator. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 2010, 92(1):92-97.
[29]
24. Patterson SD, Bain GI, Mehta JA. Surgical approaches to the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, (370):19-33.
[30]
25. Wang W, Jiang SC, Liu S, et al. Stability of severely stiff elbows after complete open release:treatment by ligament repair with suture anchors and hinged external fixator. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2014, 23(10):1537-1544.
[31]
29. Kaplan FS, Glaser DL, Hebela N, et al. Heterotopic ossification. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2004, 12(2):116-125.
[32]
32. Park MJ, Kim HG, Lee JY. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic stiffness of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg(Br), 2004, 86(8):1158-1162.
[33]
34. Bauer AS, Lawson BK, Bliss RL, et al. Risk factors for posttraumatic heterotopic ossification of the elbow:case-control study. J Hand Surg (Am), 2012, 37(7):1422-1429. e1-6.
[34]
35. Douglas K, Cannada LK, Archer KR, et al. Incidence and risk factors of heterotopic ossification following major elbow trauma. Orthopedics, 2012, 35(6):e815-822.
[35]
36. Foruria AM, Augustin S, Morrey BF, et al. Heterotopic ossification after surgery for fractures and fracture-dislocations involving the proximal aspect of the radius or ulna. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2013, 95(10):e66.
[36]
37. Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 and the bone healing process. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2008, 102(1):10-14.
[37]
38. Stein DA, Patel R, Egol KA, et al. Prevention of heterotopic ossification at the elbow following trauma using radiation therapy. Bull Hosp Jt Dis, 2003, 61(3-4):151-154.
41. Mansat P, Morrey BF. The column procedure:a limited lateral approach for extrinsic contracture of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1998, 80(11):1603-1615.
[40]
42. Koh KH, Lim TK, Lee HI, et al. Surgical treatment of elbow stiffness caused by post-traumatic heterotopic ossification. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(8):1128-1134.
[41]
44. Kodde IF, van Rijn J, van den Bekerom MP, et al. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic elbow stiffness:a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2013, 22(4):574-580.
[42]
46. Sakano S, Hasegawa Y, Murata Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of bFGF on endochondral heterotopic ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2002, 293(2):680-685.
[43]
47. Holmenschlager F, Halm JP, Winckler S. Fresh fractures of the radial head:results with the Judet prosthesis. Res Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 2002, 88(4):387-397.
[44]
48. King GJ. Management of comminuted radial head fractures with replacement arthroplasty. Hand Clin, 2004, 20(4):429-441.
[45]
49. Müller MC, Burger C, Wirtz DC, et al. Replacement of the comminuted radial head fracture by a bipolar radial head prosthesis. Oper Orthop Traumatol, 2011, 23(1):37-45.
[46]
50. Giannicola G, Bullitta G, Sacchetti FM, et al. Change in quality of life and cost/utility analysis in open stage-related surgical treatment of elbow stiffness. Orthopedics, 2013, 36(7):e923-930.
[47]
1. Keschner MT, Paksima N. The stiff elbow. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis, 2007, 65(1):24-28.
5. Apfelberg DB, Larson SJ. Dynamic anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1973, 51(1):79-81.
[50]
7. Gelberman RH, Yamaguchi K, Hollstien SB, et al. Changes in interstitial pressure and cross-sectional area of the cubital tunnel and of the ulnar nerve with flexion of the elbow. An experimental study in human cadavera. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 1998, 80(4):492-501.
