国家景观的制作 ———以明清时期荆襄山林为中心
Producing the State Landscape ——Reorganization of the JingXiang Mountain and Forest Areas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明代前期,被封禁的荆襄区域逐渐由逃离至此的流民 / 山民发展出栖居性景观。 栖居性景观 的逻辑是逃避国家,它通过亲和山林地理生态的居住方式、刀耕火种以及山地作物得以再生产。 栖居性 景观内在地抵制着帝国的统合并吞噬着帝国的财政人口。 到了明代中期,荆襄山禁遭遇流民的大规模 爆发与流民的反叛。 为了完成“化盗为民冶的治理目标,帝国在荆襄的代理人积极地制作国家景观,以此 替代流民 / 山民所处的栖居性景观。 帝国采用了“由郧阳居中以制四方冶的景观型构。 政治景观与日常 生活 / 生计界面的景观被相继营造出来。 国家景观以结构持久性的在场形式再生产主体,最终完成了对 荆襄的整合。 可见,景观,作为介质,既是“身外之物冶,又使“身临其境冶;它“以静治动冶,将宏大的帝国 与日常实践的交互作用贯穿起来。 也因此,国家景观的制作,为重新审视帝制中国的社会控制提供了一 项景观政治学的案例。
In the early of the Ming Dynasty, the forbidden JingXiang area developped into habitat landscape by the refu- gees or mountain people. The logic of habitat landscape is to escape from governance. The way of housing and farming that fitted to the mountainous habitation environment made them get reproduction. Habitat landscape resisted the governance of the empire and reduced the financial population. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, JingXiang mountain suffered a large- scale outbreak of refugees . In order to make “refugees into civilians冶, the empire agent in Jingxiang actively produced na- tional landscape to replace the habitat landscape for the refugees or mountain people. The empire adopted the landscape structure of “taking yunyang as the center to control the surrounding areas冶, so that the political landscape and the land- scape of daily life or livelihood were built successively. The national landscape in the present form of structure persistence finally completed the integration of Jingxiang . Thus, a case study on landscape politics was formed.