美国对外粮食援助政策演变及其对中国的启示
Evolution of American Foreign Food Aid and Its Enlightenments to China

作为中国推进解决全球饥饿问题和促进粮食安全的一个路径,对外粮食援助的重要性日益增强。美国拥有世界上最庞大和最完备的国际粮援体系,总结其可供借鉴之处,具有一定的现实意义。本文在梳理美国各历史时期粮援政策背景和主要措施的基础上揭示了其经验和教训,并对中国粮援政策可能面临的争议焦点进行了辨析。研究发现,随着国内外农业和外交形势的变化,美国粮援经历了从单纯的余粮处置机制到外交政策工具,再到缓解饥饿和营养不良的粮食安全方案的演进过程；当前对美国粮援批判主要集中在国内农业利益优先和响应紧急需求效率低下,着眼于提高受援国粮食生产能力以及“一带一路”设施联通的推进有助于中国避免遭受类似的争议。最后,从框架构建、援助内容、执行主体和透明度建设等方面阐明了中国粮援的实现路径。
As a path of China’s efforts to promote the solution of global hunger problem and facilitate food safety, the importance of foreign food aid is increasingly strengthening. The United States has the largest and most comprehensive food aid system in the world.Summarizing its experience has a certain practical significance. The article elaborated the evolvement of U.S. food aid policy,revealed its experience and lessons and then analyzed contentious issues Chinese food aid faced. The research results showed that U.S food aid policy orientation had evolved from a purely surplus disposal mechanism to a foreign policy tool, and then to a food security solution of alleviating hunger and malnutrition as domestic and international agriculture and diplomatic situations changed; The current criticism of U.S. food aid focused on giving priority to domestic agricultural benefits and the inefficiency in emergency responses. China can avoid such criticism by taking increases of the recipient food production capacity as the fundamental motive and the advance of facilities connectivity. Finally, the realization paths of Chinese food aid were illuminated from the aspects of frame construction, concrete measures, implementing actors and transparency construction.