不同任务类型条件下4~6年级儿童比例推理策略的表现
The Performance of Proportional Reasoning Strategies of Children in grade 4 to 6 under Different Types of Tasks

随机选取小学4~6年级被试86名，从辅助策略、比例推理策略的策略选择和策略效用三方面，通过五种类型的天平任务考察儿童比例推理策略的表现。结果表明：（1）儿童最常使用手指动作辅助加工基本数量信息。辅助策略的使用率随年龄增长而减少，五年级开始使用出声思维，反映出元认知能力的发展。（2）在正式学习比例知识之前，各年级儿童都能使用两种以上策略，也能根据任务难度自发产生新策略，具备策略选择的多样性和适应性。其中，三个年级均能使用定性比例推理策略（双维策略，IIIA策略，补偿策略），表明儿童初步认识了距离和重量两个维度的共变关系。此外，六年级儿童能使用“运货车策略”将冲突问题灵活地化解为简单问题。（3）儿童的错误策略表现为：在冲突任务中盲目使用补偿策略、简单策略或加法策略。（4）分层回归分析表明，在控制年龄后，儿童的一般推理能力越高，其对重量策略的依赖性越低，且可能更容易发掘距离维度的意义，其使用运货车策略的频次更多。此外，一般推理能力对解决冲突类天平任务的正确次数有正向预测作用。
This study investigated the developmental characteristics of children's proportional reasoning in general domain by balance scale task. Eighty-six 4th to 6th graders in a primary school from Beijing were chosen. The results indicated: (1) Children used support strategies to help them represent problems. They use finger strategy to process basic information of numbers, and this strategy decreased with age. Children in grade 5 began to use think aloud protocol, which showed the development of children's metacognition; (2) Before the formal education of proportional reasoning, the children can use more than two kinds of strategies, and they can develop new strategies automatically. Children can use qualitative proportional reasoning strategies (two-dimensional strategy, compensatory strategy, IIIA strategy). It means that children recognized the co-variation of distance and weight. In addition, children in grade 6 used buggy strategy in conflict problems. With the buggy strategy they transferred complicated tasks into simple tasks. (3) The characteristic of children's wrong strategies were as follows: using compensatory strategy blindly in conflict circumstances, or using simple strategies and additive strategies to solve conflict tasks. (4) Hierarchical regression analysis shows that, after controlling age, the children with higher general reasoning ability depend less on weight strategy, and they use more distance strategy and the buggy strategy. In addition, the general reasoning ability positively predicts the correct times of the conflict problems.