“属州视县，直隶州视府”：明清州制新解
The New Interpretation on the Administrative Operation of Zhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

摘要 明清时期的州制问题，可从体国经野和设官分职这两个既有联系又有差异的角度分别加以探讨。清廷通过取消隶府而领县的属州，实现了地方行政区划层级的简化。《明史·职官志》“知州掌一州之政。凡州二，有属州，有直隶州。属州视县，直隶州视府，而品秩则同”的记载，藉州政之别反映了以两类知州为代表的官僚在权力运作上的内涵与空间差异。本文依靠雍正时期针对属州进行大规模调整留下的文献记录，为揭示上述志文真相提供新的解说。笔者认为，“属州视县，直隶州视府”指属州知州虽领有知县，但因尚隶于知府，故所掌州政主要面向本州亲领编户，从牧民之官的角度可视与知县相埒。而直隶州知州因径隶于布政使，故州政主要是对所领知县的巡查管辖，从牧官之官的角度当与知府相仿。这是志文详于府、县之政，却独略于州政的原因。《清史稿·职官志》所谓“属州视县，直隶州视府”，已与明代乃至清初州制有所不同。
Abstract： This article focuses on the new interpretation of the administrative operation of Zhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties． There were two kinds of Zhou: the“independent department”，and the“subordinate department”． By analyzing the process of the revision of the subordinate department during Yongzheng period，this research draws a new conclusion about the interpretation of an important literature． The subordinate department was regarded as a county and the independent department was regarded as prefecture，in Ｒecords of Officials in the Ming Dynastic History． This meant that the magistrate in a subordinate department was equivalent to a county magistrate and the responsibilities of a magistrate of an independent department was same of that of a magistrate of a prefecture．