藏语拉萨话中焦点和疑问的韵律编码方式
Prosodic encoding of focus and interrogative meaning in Lhasa Tibetan

焦点和疑问语气是两种重要的交流功能，都可以通过韵律来编码。该文请8位藏语拉萨话母语人自然说出2个目标句，包括疑问和陈述2种语气以及4种焦点条件（中性、句首、句中和句末焦点），通过音高、时长参数的声学和统计分析，考察了拉萨话中焦点和疑问的韵律编码方式。结果表明：焦点在疑问句和陈述句中相同的编码方式是，焦点词音高升高、音域扩大且时长延长，而焦点前基本不变。不同的是，陈述句中焦点后有明显的音高下降和音域压缩，但疑问句中焦点后压缩不稳定。与相同焦点条件的陈述句相比，疑问语调整体有升高，焦点后的音高上升更稳定；但焦点词的音高在两种语气间没有明显区别。可见，焦点后音高更多的是为了实现疑问语气而升高，而不是为了突显焦点而压缩；焦点词的音高不具备区别语气的功能。
Abstract：The focus and the interrogative meaning are both important communication functions which can be encoded prosodically. This study considered two target sentences uttered by 8 native Lhasa Tibetan speakers as both questions and statements with four focus conditions (initial, medial, final and neutral focus). The prosodic encoding of the focus and the interrogative meaning in Lhasa Tibetan were investigated using acoustic and statistical analyses of F0 and the duration of the target sentences. The results showed that on-focus words exhibit significant increases in F0, pitch range and duration, while pre-focus words remain the same in both questions and statements. Post-focus words in statements show obvious compression in F0 and pitch, while post-focus compression was not uniform in questions. Interrogative intonation was higher and the F0 rise of the post-focus parts was more stable than the corresponding focus condition of statements. The F0 of on-focus words was the same in statements and questions. Therefore, the F0 of the post-focus constituents is the main part of the interrogative intonation rise, but was not compressed for focal prominence. Thus, the F0 of on-focus words could not be used to differentiate between statements and questions.