从“逻辑”到“意义”的个案研究外推分析——通过与统计调查对比
The Generalization of Case Study：From Logic to Significance——Compared with Statistical Investigation

本文对个案研究外推做了系统分析。分析的推进是一种从逻辑入手，到逻辑基础，再到外推意义的递进结构。每一步分析都将统计调查纳入其中与之对比，以深化对个案研究外推的解读。在分析了罗伯特?殷的“序贯访谈法”、费孝通的“类型比较法”、格尔茨的“深描说”、布洛维的“拓展个案法”和王富伟的“关系性个案”五种个案研究案例之后，将它们的逻辑概括为两种：“个案逻辑”和“证伪逻辑”。随之发现，个案研究与统计调查的外推逻辑基础均来自于“总体逻辑思维”，并指出：个案研究可轻度刻画总体异质性以及针对性地描述总体的“偏差”知识，统计调查则可以深度刻画总体异质性。通过个案研究与统计调查组成的一个社会科学研究过程假设图，发现，个案研究自身的外推意义是贡献与局限并存的，而且个案研究与统计调查一起推动着总体认知的积累。社会科学的复杂性决定了没有完美的研究方法，个案研究亦不完美，能够在适当的研究目标里发挥价值就是它最大的意义体现。
：This article analyses the generalization of case study in its entirety. The analytic hierarchy adopts a structure from logic, to basis of logic, to significance by degrees. It is to encourage people to deepen the understanding of the generalization of case study that the author puts statistical investigation into every hierarchy. By analyzing Robert Yin’s sequential interview, Fei Xiao-tong's approach of classification comparison, Geertz’s thick description, Burawoy's extended case method, and Wang Fuwei’s relational case study, the logic of them can be concluded as “case study logic” and “falsification logic”. Then, it is be discovered that basis of the logic of generalization is derived from population thinking between case study and statistical investigation. In population thinking, case study can describe population heterogeneity lightly and depict the knowledge causing of deviation exactly, statistical investigation can explain population heterogeneity better. Contributions and limitations can co-exist in the significance of the generalization of case study; case study promotes accumulations about knowledge of population with statistical investigation in a hypothesis diagram of social sciences research which consisted of case study and statistical investigation. There is no perfect method to study social sciences because of its complexity, which is applies to case study, too. The greatest significance of case study is to be able to play a valuable role in the appropriate research objectives