君主与化身的奥秘： 从孔飞力的《叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌》出发
Monarch and the Enigma of Incarnation : A Study that Starts From Philip A. Kuhn’s Soulstealers：the Chinese sorcery scare of 1768

孔飞力的《叫魂》尝试回答了中华帝国专制统治之动力问题，但却未留意到其中的时间性维度与文法学问题。本文在阐释国家过程与权力时间概念的基础上，提出在专断权力时间中，君主既是国家的化身，也是政治的化身，能够对诸官僚施以私仆化的作用，而在常规权力时间中，诸官僚通过团伙化来实现将君主“去化身”的可能。将这样的化身理论放置在中西方历史上君主化身的案例比较的语境下，能够看出叫魂案中的弘历化身在其类型学、具体机制与后果效应上既具有共性，也有差异性。
： In Soulstealers：the Chinese sorcery scare of 1768，Philip A. Kuhn attempts to deal with the problem of the dynamics of autocratic rule in Chinese empire. However，he does not notice the dimensions of temporality and of grammar respectively. Based on the new conceptions in this article - the process of state and the time of power， the monarch is regarded as the dual-incarnation of state and politics during the time of arbitrary power，so that the bureaucrats have to be the monarch’s private servants. On the contrary，throughout the time of routine power，the bureaucrats achieve the de-incarnation of the monarch by organizing. From cross-cultural and comparative perspectives, there are common characters and different qualities in the typologies, the mechanisms and the effects, between the incarnations of Hongli and some other cases in Chinese and Western history