杜威体育教育价值思想、时代局限及现实镜鉴
Physical Education Value, Era Limitation and Realistic Enlightenment of John Dewey's Thought

摘要：作为20世纪美国乃至全世界最伟大的教育家之一，杜威实用主义教育理论对后世产生了重大影响。文章依据权威文献，在建设杜威体育思想数据库的基础上，运用文献资料、专家访谈、逻辑分析等方法对杜威的体育思想进行研究，结果显示：1）杜威认为，游戏是儿童时期“几乎唯一的”教育方式，能够增进身心健康，促进能力培养，且利于有效学习，促进社会认知；自由的游戏态度促进儿童自由的成长。2）在学校体育教育方面，杜威指出，学校体育是智育的基础，利于大学生集体精神的培养；在目标上学校应追求为社会事业的发展培养健壮人才；在方法上要强化学生的体育意识，做到“时时体育”。3）在教育领域之外，杜威将体育教育的价值拓展至社会层面，他认为公共体育（场所）利于培养合作精神；利于养成“好汉”态度，培育“尚武”精神；能够促进德育，维系智育；能够促进健康人格，改善社会风气。4）在改善社会风气的基础上，杜威将体育教育的价值升华至国家层面，他指出人民体质事关国家兴旺，公共体育利于改善国家前途，人们只有健身健心才能建业建国。研究最后分析了杜威思想中过于重视直接经验的作用，教育中忽视教师的主导作用，部分教育理论有失偏颇等时代局限性；同时也从重视游戏教育价值，强化学校体育价值，注重体育德育价值等三个方面提出了现实镜鉴。
Abstract：As one of the greatest educationists in the United States and the world in the 20th Century, Dewey's pragmatism education theory had a great influence on later generations. According to authoritative literatures, based on the construction of database of Dewey sports thought, using literature review, expert interviews, logic analysis and other methods of Dewey's sports thought was studied. The results show that: 1) Dewey believed that games were "almost the only" educational methods in children's period, which can promote physical and mental health, promote ability training, and help to study effectively and promote social cognition; free game attitude promotes children’s free growth. 2) In school physical education, Dewey pointed out that school physical education was the basis of intellectual education and was conducive to the cultivation of the collective spirit of college students. In the goal, the school should pursue the development of the strong talents for the development of social cause; in the method, the students' sports consciousness should be strengthened and "constant sport" should be strengthened. 3) In the field of education, Dewey extends the value of sports education to the social level. He believed that public sports (place) was conducive to training the spirit of cooperation, to develop a "hero" attitude, to cultivate the spirit of "martial arts", to promote moral education, to maintain intellectual education, to promote healthy personality and to improve social atmosphere. 4) On the basis of improving the social atmosphere, Dewey sublimed the value of sports education to the national level. He pointed out that the people's physique was a great concern for the country's prosperity and the public sports were conducive to the improvement of the country's future. Finally, this study analyzed the role of Dewey's thought too much attention to direct experience, neglected the leading role of teachers in education, and some of the educational theories had the limitations of the times. At the