对不同时期我国田径优势项目训练理念和实践的审视与反思
Review and Reflections on Training Ideology and Practices of Chinese Advantage Track and Field Events in Different Periods

摘要：运用文献资料、调查问卷、比较分析等方法，对不同历史时期我国田径优势项目训练理念与实践进行研究，探讨了对田径项目特征、训练理念、训练周期、训练手段、训练负荷等认识上的变化。研究认为： 1）借鉴先进的训练理论与经验，在重新认识项目特征的基础上，突破传统束缚，形成科学的训练理念，围绕专项需要，创新、优化训练手段和负荷，形成独特的技术风格，是我国跳高、投掷、跨栏等项目获得阶段性优势的主要原因。2）我国跳高水平的下滑，主要是由于对快速助跑的训练理念在运动员多年训练中没有很好体现，运动员缺乏长远规划，对训练方法、技术细节、个人特点及负荷的过程控制不够重视，对高水平运动员的训练没有新的突破，限制了项目的发展。3）近来我国女子优秀投掷选手的出手速度与90年代鼎盛时期存在明显差距，失去了动作快、出手快的特点，下肢灵活性、爆发力不足，基本功不扎实，最大力量不能有效转化为专项速度，影响了选手的成绩高度。4）中长跑项目上巨大的反差并一蹶不振，说明我们在耐力项目上并没有形成稳定、先进的理论、理念，对训练的认识仍然停留在方法、手段、负荷的改变上，盲目的大负荷量和高强度，缺乏深刻的运动生物学理论支撑。同时显示出对高水平运动员、运动队的管理、培养体系还不够健全。5）改变对周期及训练负荷的看法，形成小运动量、高强度和以赛带练的训练理念；用神经系统和肌肉的协调用力观念指导训练，并深刻认识项目特点，以速度为核心强化专项训练，形成领先的技术优势，促进了我国男子跨栏项目的发展。刘翔的伤退及成绩断层，则说明对顶级运动员的训练负荷、比赛规律和过程控制的把握还有失精准，表明我国高水平运动员的科学训练监控和发展体系需要进一步加强。6)在实践中，对新的训练理论与理念认识不深，在训练中特别是青少年的训练中不能系统的体现，在很大程度上影响了我国优势项目的进一步发展。
Abstract: This study examined the training ideology and practices of Chinese advantage track and field events in different periods, and explored the event characteristics, training ideology, training cycles, means of training, and training loads, by the methods of literature review, questionnaire investigation and comparative analysis. Conclusions: 1) Learning from the advanced training theory and experience, re understanding the event characteristics, breaking through the traditional constraints, forming a scientific training concept, focusing on the special needs, innovating and optimizing the training means and loading, forming a unique technical style, are the main reasons for the phase advantage of China's high jump, throw, hurdles and other events. 2) The main reasons for the decline of high jump performance in China are that the training idea of rapid run-up has not been well reflected in athletes’ training for many years; athletes lack the long-term plan, not pay enough attention to the training methods, technical details, personal characteristics and load process control; and there is no new breakthrough for the training of the high level athletes. 3) There is a clear gap of China’s elite female throwers’ release speed in recent years compared with the 1990s; China’s elite female throwers have lost the characteristics of fast movement and fast release, their lower limbs' flexibility and explosive force are not enough, and their basic skills are not solid, they cannot effectively transform the greatest strength into specific speed, which have affected their performance. 4) The huge contrast and failure of the middle and long distance running events shows tha